LinoSPAD2: a 512×1 linear SPAD camera with system-level 135-ps SPTR and a reconfigurable computational engine for time-resolved single-photon imaging
LinoSPAD2: a 512×1 linear SPAD camera with system-level 135-ps SPTR and a reconfigurable computational engine for time-resolved single-photon imaging
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LinoSPAD2：512×1 线性 SPAD 相机，具有系统级 135-ps SPTR 和用于时间分辨单光子成像的可重新配置计算引擎
DOI：
10.1117/12.2652248
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
E. Charbon
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Bruschini;Samuel Burri;E. Bernasconi;T. Milanese;A. Ulku;H. Homulle;E. Charbon
LinoSPAD 2相机将512×1线性单光子雪崩二极管（SPAD）阵列与基于FPGA的光子计数和时间戳平台相结合，以创建能够检测单光子的可重构传感系统。读出是完全并行的，其中每个SPAD连接到不同的FPGA输入。硬件可以重新配置以实现不同的功能，例如光子计数器，时间数字转换器（TDC）阵列和直方图单元。时间戳由64个TDC的阵列执行，具有20 ps分辨率（LSB），通过4：1共享为256个通道提供服务。在传感器级，像素间距为26.2 μm，填充因子为25.1%。在室温下，每个SPAD的中值暗计数率低于100 cps，每个通道的单光子定时分辨率（SPTR）为50 ps FWHM，在510 nm处的峰值光子探测概率达到~50%。利用微透镜可以将填充因子提高2.3倍，在400 nm以上具有良好的空间均匀性和平坦的光谱响应。在系统级，平均仪器响应函数（IRF）为135 ps FWHM。LinoSPAD 2相机支持各种飞行时间和时间分辨应用，包括3D成像、荧光寿命成像显微镜（FLIM）、预示光谱和压缩拉曼成像等。LinoSPAD 2是新一代可重新配置的单光子图像传感器，能够调整其读出和处理以满足特定应用的要求，并将SPAD阵列与先进的并行计算功能相结合。
The LinoSPAD2 camera combines a 512×1 linear single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array with an FPGA-based photon-counting and time-stamping platform, to create a reconfigurable sensing system capable of detecting single photons. The read-out is fully parallel, where each SPAD is connected to a different FPGA input. The hardware can be reconfigured to achieve different functionalities, such as photon counters, time-to-digital converter (TDC) arrays and histogramming units. Time stamping is performed by an array of 64 TDCs, with 20 ps resolution (LSB), serving 256 channels by means of 4:1 sharing. At sensor level, the pixel pitch is 26.2 μm with a fill factor of 25.1%. The median dark count rate of each SPAD at room temperature is below 100 cps at 6V excess bias, the single-photon timing resolution (SPTR) of each channel is 50 ps FWHM, and the peak photon detection probability reaches ~50% at 510 nm at the same excess bias. The fill factor can be increased by 2.3× by means of microlenses, with good spatial uniformity and flat spectral response above 400 nm. At system level, the average instrument response function (IRF) is 135 ps FWHM. The LinoSPAD2 camera enables a wide range of time-of-flight and time-resolved applications, including 3D imaging, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), heralded spectroscopy, and compressive Raman imaging, to name a few. Thanks to its features, LinoSPAD2 is a novel generation of reconfigurable single-photon image sensors capable of adapting their read-out and processing to match application-specific requirements, and combining SPAD arrays with advanced, massively-parallel computational functionalities.
影响因子：
3.8
作者：
Burri, Samuel;Maruyama, Yuki;Charbon, Edoardo
通讯作者：
Charbon, Edoardo