Antipredator Responses by Native Mosquitofish to Non‐Native Cichlids: An Examination of the Role of Prey Naiveté
Antipredator Responses by Native Mosquitofish to Non‐Native Cichlids: An Examination of the Role of Prey Naiveté
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本地蚊鱼对非本地慈鲷的反捕食反应：对猎物天真的角色的检验
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发表时间：
2009
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
W. Loftus
中科院分区：
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作者：
J. Rehage;Katherine L. Dunlop;W. Loftus
非本地捕食者在水生系统中的强大影响被认为与猎物的进化幼稚有关。由于孤立和有限的传播，这种天真可能是相对较高的淡水系统。在这项研究中，我们测试了这一概念，通过检查本地食蚊鱼，食蚊鱼holbrooki，两个非本地的捕食者发现在大沼泽地，非洲宝石鱼，Hemichromis letourneuxi，和玛雅慈鲷，Cichlasoma urophthalmus的反捕食反应。我们利用两个食蚊鱼种群来操纵猎物的天真，这两个食蚊鱼种群与最近的入侵者非洲宝石鱼的经验不同，但与历史较长的玛雅慈鲷的经验水平相似。具体来说，我们测试了这些预测：（1）两种捕食者的捕食模式不同;（2）新的宝石鱼捕食者的捕食率会更高;（3）特别是对生活在宝石鱼尚未入侵的地方的幼稚种群;（4）由于玛雅慈鲷的经验丰富，反捕食者反应会更强，而对宝石鱼的反应较弱或无效，（5）在幼稚群体中特别弱。我们分析了猎物和捕食者的行为，和猎物的死亡率在实验室水族馆，捕食者和猎物都是自由放养。捕食者狩猎模式和栖息地域不同，珠宝鱼是更积极的搜索捕食者，使用略高的部分水柱和较少的栖息地结构相对于玛雅慈鲷。在与我们的预测不一致，捕食率之间的两个大鳄，antipredator反应更强的非洲宝石鱼（除了捕食者检查），并没有显着差异，宝石鱼精明和宝石鱼天真的人口之间的反应。这些结果表明，尽管引入的捕食者的新奇，猎物可能能够适当地作出反应，如果非本地捕食者原型是足够相似的本地捕食者，如果猎物依赖于一般的反捕食反应或捕食线索，和/或显示neophobic响应。
The strong impact of non-native predators in aquatic systems is thought to relate to the evolutionary naivete of prey. Due to isolation and limited dispersal, this naivete may be relatively high in freshwater systems. In this study, we tested this notion by examining the antipredator response of native mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, to two non-native predators found in the Everglades, the African jewelfish, Hemichromis letourneuxi, and the Mayan cichlid, Cichlasoma urophthalmus. We manipulated prey naivete by using two mosquitofish populations that varied in their experience with the recent invader, the African jewelfish, but had similar levels of experience with the longer-established Mayan cichlid. Specifically, we tested these predictions: (1) predator hunting modes differed between the two predators, (2) predation rates would be higher by the novel jewelfish predator, (3) particularly on the naive population living where jewelfish have not invaded yet, (4) antipredator responses would be stronger to Mayan cichlids due to greater experience and weaker and/or ineffective to jewelfish, and (5) especially weakest by the naive population. We assayed prey and predator behavior, and prey mortality in lab aquaria where both predators and prey were free-ranging. Predator hunting modes and habitat domains differed, with jewelfish being more active search predators that used slightly higher parts of the water column and less of the habitat structure relative to Mayan cichlids. In disagreement with our predictions, predation rates were similar between the two predators, antipredator responses were stronger to African jewelfish (except for predator inspections), and there was no difference in response between jewelfish-savvy and jewelfish-naive populations. These results suggest that despite the novelty of introduced predators, prey may be able to respond appropriately if non-native predator archetypes are similar enough to those of native predators, if prey rely on general antipredator responses or predation cues, and/or show neophobic responses.