Arbitrated quantum signature scheme based on quantum walks
Arbitrated quantum signature scheme based on quantum walks
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DOI：
10.7498/aps.68.20190274
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
1
通讯作者：
Ying Guo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Yan-Yan Feng;Rong-Hua Shi;Jin-Jing Shi;Ying Guo
量子签名是经典数字签名的量子对等体，由于其在保证信息的真实性、完整性和不可否认性方面的重要意义，在电子支付、电子投票、电子医疗等现代通信中得到了广泛的应用。仲裁量子签名（AQS）是一种重要而实用的量子签名方式。AQS算法是一种基于对称密钥加密的量子签名算法，其实现需要可信仲裁者直接参与。本文采用密钥控制链式CNOT（KCCC）运算作为加密（解密）算法，提出了一种基于量子隐形传态的AQS方案，该方案利用两个硬币在一个四顶点循环上行走，将消息副本从发送方传送到接收方.根据量子行走的隐形传态模型，发送者将待签名的消息编码为她或他的硬币态，并且由于硬币态和位置态之间的条件移位，可以创建必要的纠缠态。对产生的纠缠态进行测量是产生签名和恢复信息的基础。然后根据来自发送方的经典测量结果，接收方执行适当的局部酉运算（即，Pauli操作）来恢复原始消息，并在可信仲裁者的帮助下通过使用适当的验证算法来进一步验证完成的签名的有效性。AQS方案的主要贡献在于：1）不需要预先准备信息复制的量子隐形传态所需的纠缠态，它们可以在量子行走的第一步自动产生：2）由于采用了KCCC操作，方案满足了不可否认、不可伪造和不可否认的特性; 3）该方案可以通过诸如分束器、波片等的线性光学元件来实现，分析和讨论表明，所提出的AQS方案具有签名者和接收者不可否认性和任何人不可伪造性。比较结果表明，所设计的AQS方案是有利的。此外，它提供了一个想法，通过将量子计算模型应用到量子通信协议中，并在其有利特性方面进行可能的改进，例如，通过不同模型上的量子行走的第一步自动生成纠缠态。在不久的将来，我们将进一步研究量子游走产生纠缠的机制及其应用，并在量子通信协议的设计方面做出一些改进。
Quantum signature is quantum counterpart of classical digital signature, which has been widely applied to modern communication, such as electronic payment, electronic voting and electronic medical, owing to its great implication in ensuring the authenticity and the integrity of the message and the non-repudiation. Arbitrated quantum signature (AQS) is an important and practical type of quantum signature. The AQS algorithm is a symmetric key cryptography-based quantum signature algorithm, and its implementation requires the trusted arbitrator to be directly involved. In this paper, employing the key-controlled chained CNOT (KCCC) operation as the appropriate encryption (decryption) algorithm, we suggest an AQS scheme based on teleportation of quantum walks with two coins on a four-vertex cycle, which is used to transfer the message copy from the sender to the receiver. In light of the model of teleportation of quantum walks, the sender encodes the message to be signed into her or his coin state, and the necessary entangled states can be created as a result of the conditional shift between the coin state and the position state. The measurements performed on the generated entangled states are the bases of signature production and message recovery. Then according to the classical measurement results from the sender, the receiver performs the appropriate local unitary operations (i.e., Pauli operations) on his own coin state to recover the original message and further verifies the validity of the completed signature by using the appropriate verification algorithms under the aid of the trustworthy arbitrator. The suggested AQS scheme makes the following contributions: 1) the necessary entangled states for quantum teleportation of message copy do not need preparing in advance, and they can be produced automatically by the first step of quantum walks; 2) the scheme satisfies the features of non-repudiation, un-forgeability and non-disavowal due to the use of the KCCC operation; 3) the scheme may be achieved by linear optical elements such as beam splitters, wave plates, etc., because quantum walks have proven to be realizable in different physical systems and experiments.Analysis and discussion show that the proposed AQS scheme possesses the impossibility of disavowals by the signer and the receiver and impossibility of forgeries by anyone. Comparisons reveal that the designed AQS protocol is favorable. Furthermore, it provides an idea by employing the quantum computing model into quantum communication protocols with a possible improvement with respect to its favorable properties, for example, the automatic generation of entangled states via the first step of quantum walks on different models. In the near future, we will further investigate the production of entanglement by quantum walks and its applications with some improvements in designing the quantum communication protocols.