The impact of intrauterine exposure versus postnatal environment in neurodevelopmental toxicity: long-term neurobehavioral studies in children at risk for developmental disorders
The impact of intrauterine exposure versus postnatal environment in neurodevelopmental toxicity: long-term neurobehavioral studies in children at risk for developmental disorders
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DOI：
10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00505-2
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发表时间：
2003-04-11
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Ornoy, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ornoy, A
各种研究表明，丰富的环境可能会对实验动物的早期大脑发育产生积极影响。研究还表明，环境对低社会经济阶层(低社会经济阶层)母亲所生幼儿的发育也有积极影响。然而，目前尚不清楚，丰富的环境能在多大程度上改善出生时大脑轻微损伤的儿童的发育结果。我们研究了海洛因依赖父母在家中抚养或收养的学龄前儿童和早期学龄儿童的发育，并与仅遭受环境剥夺(父母SES低)的儿童和对照组进行了比较。他们接受了几名专业人员的检查，使用的是标准的、适合年龄的、神经学和心理测试。对一组患有孕前或妊娠期糖尿病的母亲所生的早期学龄儿童和一组出生体重低于1500克的早产儿进行了类似的评估，使用各种发育测试。与对照组相比，海洛因依赖母亲和父亲在家中抚养的儿童和低SES儿童的智力技能较低，注意力不集中的比例较高。这一点在学龄儿童身上也一直存在。海洛因依赖母亲在很小的时候收养的孩子，因此在良好的环境中长大，他们的孩子智力正常，但注意力不集中和行为问题的比例很高。我们还检查了学龄儿童是否可能存在ADHD，发现所有海洛因依赖父母所生的儿童，包括被收养的儿童，以及父母SES低的儿童，ADHD的发生率都很高。在糖尿病母亲所生的孩子中也观察到了关于丰富环境的强烈积极影响的类似研究结果，这些孩子的智力与父母的教育直接相关。早产儿的认知能力也与父母的教育密切相关，而与围产期并发症的程度无关。总而言之，在所有发育问题高危儿童群体中，发现环境对他们的智力能力有很强的影响，但对运动技能或注意力持续时间没有影响。一个好的环境(父母的SES很高)可能会显著改善结果。(C)2003爱思唯尔爱尔兰科学有限公司。保留所有权利。
Various investigators have shown that enriched environment may positively affect the early brain development of experimental animals. Environment was also shown to positively affect the development of young children born to mothers of low socio-economic class (low SES). It is unknown, however, to what extent can an enriched environment improve the developmental outcome of children born with slight brain damage. We studied the development of preschool and early school age children born to heroin dependent parents raised at home or adopted in comparison to children suffering only from environmental deprivation (low parental SES) and to controls. They were examined by several professionals, using standard, age appropriate, neurological and psychological tests. Similar evaluations were performed on a group of early school age children born to mothers with pregestational or with gestational diabetes and on a group of children born prematurely, with a birth weight of less than 1500 g using various developmental tests. Young children born to heroin dependent mothers and fathers raised at home and children of low SES had, in comparison to controls, lower intellectual skills and a higher rate of inattention. This persisted at school age, too. Children born to heroin dependent mothers adopted at a young age and hence being raised in a good environment had normal intellectual function but a high rate of inattention and behavioral problems. We also examined the school age children for possible presence of ADHD and found a high rate of ADHD among all children born to heroin dependent parents including those adopted, as well as in the children with low parental SES. Similar findings regarding the strong positive influence of an enriched environment were observed in children born to diabetic mothers, where the intellectual abilities of the children were directly related with parental education. The cognitive abilities of the children born prematurely were also strongly associated with parental education and not with the degree of perinatal complications. In conclusion, in all groups of children at high risk for developmental problems was found that the environment has a strong influence on their intellectual abilities but not on motor skills or attention span. A good environment (high parental SES) may significantly improve the outcome. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.