Effect of hibernation on course of infection and immune response in Citellus tridecemlineatus infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
Effect of hibernation on course of infection and immune response in Citellus tridecemlineatus infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.
复制标题
冬眠对感染巴西圆线虫的十三线黄鼠感染过程和免疫反应的影响。
作者：
J. Cahill;R. Lewert;B. Jaroslow
巴西日本圆线虫在异常宿主十三线黄鼠体内的感染过程延长，发育成成虫的幼虫相对较少。23只动物在单次感染后不久或存在成熟蠕虫后进入冬眠，在冬眠期间失去了感染，只有一只动物有一条成虫。使用鞣革细胞血凝技术，从地松鼠接受多种感染的抗血清进行滴定。这组冬眠的地松鼠在10周的冬眠期内抗体滴度急剧下降，其中大部分下降发生在冬眠的前4周。在其中一组中，冬眠前的中位效价为1：1，280，4周后为1：320，冬眠10周后的中位血凝效价为1：80。非冬眠对照组在同一时期抗体几乎没有下降。血清抗体滴度在从冬眠中唤醒后的11天内升高。冬眠动物的感染状况和在这一生理上有趣的时期内的免疫机制一直是很少研究的主题。例如，在这一时期，感染生物的命运或深度冬眠者的体液和细胞反应的命运就知之甚少。尽管许多研究者报道了冬眠动物对感染的抵抗力增强（Kalabukhov，1958; Kayser，1961; Chute，1964），但没有证据表明这与特异性免疫应答有关或无关。有人认为，三个因素干预了冬眠动物对某些感染的抵抗力：“低温，因为减缓了代谢过程;低温，因为对寄生虫的发育比对宿主的危害更大;宿主化学成分的季节性变化”（Kayser，1961）。Kayser（1961）对黄鼠冬眠状态的一般情况进行了研究和描述。Chute（1961）发现，48至72小时的冬眠完全保护了感染鞭毛虫的金黄仓鼠（Cricetus auratus）。* 芝加哥大学微生物学系。t生物和医学研究部，阿贡国家实验室，阿贡，伊利诺伊州。本研究主要由美国国立卫生研究院研究赠款部门的赠款AI-00884支持。如果在感染的第一个36小时内温度降低，则为旋毛虫幼虫。在感染后期，需要更长时间的冬眠来延缓寄生虫的发育。实验结果表明，在感染T. spiralis，平均产生125个幼虫;非冬眠的睡鼠平均产生1，920个幼虫（Chute，1960 a）。在感染T.当将蝙蝠置于30至34 ℃时，幼虫有规律地发育到成虫阶段，但如果将受感染的蝙蝠置于5、23或26 ℃，则很少发现成虫。在该实验中，“降低宿主温度的影响是抑制性的而不是致命的，因为即使在最长时间暴露于低于正常温度之后，大多数回收的蠕虫仍然存活并且表现正常”（Chute和Covalt，1960年）。这些研究都没有像本实验那样在长时间冬眠的情况下进行。已经表明，几种寄生蠕虫在冬眠期间倾向于从其冬眠宿主中消除（Simitch和Petrovitch，1953，1954）。Chute（1960 b）研究了刚从冬眠洞穴中出来的野生土拨鼠（Marmota monax）。在50%的动物中发现了4到50条存活的线虫，而其他动物则没有肠道蠕虫。在文献中没有发现关于抗体产生或免疫的报道。
The course of infection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in the abnormal host Citellus tridecemlineatus is prolonged, with comparatively few larvae developing to adults. Twenty-three animals placed in hibernation either soon after a single infection, or after mature worms were present, lost the infection during the hibernation period, with the exception of one animal having a single adult worm. Antisera from ground squirrels receiving multiple infections were titrated using the tanned-cell hemagglutination technique. Hibernating ground squirrels of this group showed a dramatic drop in antibody titer over the 10-week hibernation period, with a major part of the decrease occurring in the first 4 weeks of hibernation. In one such group, the median titer before hibernation was 1:1,280, after 4 weeks 1:320, and after 10 weeks hibernation the median hemagglutination titer was 1:80. The nonhibernating controls showed little or no decrease in antibody over this same period. The serum antibody titer increased during the 11 days following arousal from hibernation. The status of infection in the hibernating animal and the immune mechanisms operative during this physiologically interesting period have been the subject of few investigations. There is, for example, little known concerning the fate of the infecting organism or of the humoral and cellular responses of the profound hibernator during this period. Although increased resistance to infection in hibernating animals has been reported by a number of workers (Kalabukhov, 1958; Kayser, 1961; Chute, 1964), there is no evidence that this is or is not related to a specific immune response. It has been suggested that three factors intervene in the resistance of hibernators to certain infections: "low temperature, as slowing metabolic processes; low temperature, as more harmful to development of parasite than to host; seasonal modification of the chemical composition of the host" (Kayser, 1961). General aspects of the hibernating state of Citellus have been studied, and described by Kayser (1961). Chute (1961) found that 48 to 72 hr of hibernation completely protected golden hamsters, Cricetus auratus, infected with TrichiReceived for publication 24 June 1966. * Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago. t Division of Biological and Medical Research, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois. This research was supported in major part by Grant AI-00884 of the Division of Research Grants of the NIH, USPHS. nella spiralis larvae, if the temperature reduction occurred during the first 36 hr of infection. Later in the infection, longer periods of hibernation were required to retard development of the parasite. Dormice, Eliomys quercinus, in hibernation 3 to 4 days after a measured infection with T. spiralis, yielded a mean of 125 larvae; the nonhibernating dormice yielded a mean of 1,920 larvae (Chute, 1960a). In bats infected with T. spiralis, the larvae regularly develop to the adult stage when the bats are held at 30 to 34 C, but adults are seldom found if the infected bats are held at 5, 23, or 26 C. In this experiment, "the effect of lowered host temperature is inhibitory rather than lethal, since the majority of the recovered worms, even after the longest exposures to below normal temperatures, were alive and appeared normal" (Chute and Covalt, 1960). None of these studies was conducted with prolonged hibernation as in the present experiments. It has been shown that several species of parasitic helminths tend to be eliminated from their hibernating hosts over the course of the hibernation period (Simitch and Petrovitch, 1953, 1954). Chute (1960b) examined wild woodchucks, Marmota monax, which had just emerged from their hibernation burrows. In 50% of the animals from four to 50 viable nematodes were found, while the other animals had no intestinal worms. No reports have been found in the literature with respect to antibody production or im-