Are today's youth more tolerant? Trends in tolerance among young people in Britain
Are today's youth more tolerant? Trends in tolerance among young people in Britain
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DOI：
10.1177/1468796817723682
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发表时间：
2019-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Keating, Avril
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Janmaat, Jan G.;Keating, Avril
在过去的三十年里，英国对传统上被边缘化或歧视的社会群体的态度发生了显著变化。这种变化在对同性恋和种族多样性的态度上尤其明显，正如定期进行的民意调查所显示的那样，随着时间的推移，人们对同性恋和种族多样性的态度变得更加接受。这一变化往往归因于较老、较不宽容的一代人被年轻人所取代，年轻人对文化他人的态度更具包容性和开放性。该文件探讨了这一论点，审查了人们对各种少数群体的态度趋势，包括上述群体，但也包括移民和外国工人。它首先讨论了几个预测这些态度的不同趋势的观点。对乐观者（即预期容忍度上升的人）和悲观者（即预期容忍度稳定或下降的人）进行了区分。随后，本文提出了趋势分析和分析的年龄，队列和时期的影响，以广泛评估这些观点的解释力。使用这些方法，我们发现对少数民族和同性恋的容忍度确实全面上升，年轻人也比他们的父母或祖父母和前几代年轻人更能接受这些群体。这些趋势基本上支持了乐观的前景。然而，我们也发现，偏见并没有完全从青年人的态度中消失;对于相当多的少数青年人来说，它只是将重点转移到移民上。不仅对移民的不欢迎态度普遍变得更加强烈，而且年轻人并不总是对这个社会群体最宽容的年龄组。因此，这些调查结果更符合悲观观点的预期。
Attitudes towards social groups that have traditionally been marginalised or discriminated against have changed markedly in Britain over the past three decades. This change is particularly marked in attitudes towards homosexuality and racial diversity which, as public opinion surveys have regularly shown, have become more accepting over time. This change is often attributed to older, less tolerant generations being replaced by young cohorts who are more inclusive and open minded in their attitudes to cultural others. The paper explores this argument by examining trends in people's attitudes towards a variety of minorities, including the said groups, but also immigrants and foreign workers. It starts with a discussion of several perspectives predicting different trends with regards to these attitudes. A distinction is made between optimistic ones (i.e. those anticipating rising levels of tolerance) and pessimistic ones (i.e. those expecting stable or declining levels of tolerance). Subsequently, the paper presents trend analyses and an analysis of age, cohort and period effects to broadly assess the explanatory power of these perspectives. Using these approaches, we find that tolerance towards racial minorities and homosexuality has indeed risen across the board, and that young people are also more accepting of these groups than their parents or grandparents and previous generations of young people. These trends broadly support the optimistic perspectives. However, we also find that prejudice has not disappeared from youth attitudes altogether; for a sizeable minority of youth, it has merely shifted its focus to immigration. Not only have unwelcoming attitudes towards immigrants generally become stronger, young people are not always the most tolerant age group regarding this social group. These findings are thus more in line with the expectations of the pessimistic perspectives.