A history of the exploitation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica
A history of the exploitation of the Ross Sea, Antarctica
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DOI：
10.1017/s003224740999009x
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发表时间：
2010-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
0.8
通讯作者：
Ainley, David G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ainley, David G.
最近对海洋系统的人为影响的分析表明，罗斯海是地球上受影响最小的海洋区域，尽管这些研究中没有包括历史影响。本文回顾了文献，以量化 20 世纪初以来罗斯海大陆架和斜坡生物资源的开采程度。在那之前没有。在“英雄”时期的探险活动中，新西兰对威德尔海豹进行了大规模捕捞，随后新西兰又在 1950-1980 年代喂养雪橇犬，导致麦克默多海峡的种群数量永久减少。否则不会发生其他密封。蓝鲸 Balaenoptera musculus intermedia 于 20 年代从陆架断裂前缘的水域中灭绝，至今未再出现。小须鲸 B. bonaerensis 可能扩张到了蓝鲸腾出的栖息地，但随后在 1970-1980 年代遭到猎杀；他们的人口已经恢复。现在，一些小须鲸被通过“科学捕鲸”捕获，从斜坡捕获的小须鲸数量是从陆架捕获的数量的两倍。其他被猎杀的鲸目动物从未出现在大陆架上，也很少出现在斜坡水域中，因此它们因捕鲸而消亡的情况并不适用于罗斯海。直到 1996 年至 1997 年夏季，罗斯海才开始进行工业捕捞，当时开始了南极齿鱼 Dissostichus mawsoni 的捕捞活动，特别是沿着斜坡进行捕捞。此后，该渔业不断发展，对生态系统的影响最近变得越来越明显。可能没有其他海洋区域可以如此阐明生物开发的细节。罗斯海大陆架似乎仍然是地球上受影响最小的大陆架。然而，坡度却不能这样说。
Recent analyses of anthropogenic impacts on marine systems have shown that the Ross Sea is the least affected stretch of ocean on Earth, although historical effects were not included in those studies. Herein the literature is reviewed in order to quantify the extent of extraction of biological resources from the Ross Sea continental shelf and slope from the start of the 20th century. There was none before that time. An intense extraction of Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii by the expeditions of the 'heroic' period and then by New Zealand to feed sled dogs in the 1950-1980s caused the McMurdo Sound population to decrease permanently. Otherwise no other sealing occurred. Blue whales Balaenoptera musculus intermedia were extirpated from waters of the shelf break front during the 1920s, and have not reappeared. Minke whales B. bonaerensis probably expanded into the blue whale vacated habitat, but were then hunted during the 1970-1980s; their population has since recovered. Some minke whales are now taken in 'scientific whaling', twice more from the slope compared to the shelf. Other hunted cetaceans never occurred over the shelf and very few ever occurred in slope waters, and therefore their demise from whaling does not apply to the Ross Sea. No industrial fishing occurred in the Ross Sea until the 1996-1997 summer, when a fishery for Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni was initiated, especially along the slope. This fishery has grown since then with effects on the ecosystem recently becoming evident. There is probably no other ocean area where the details of biological exploitation can be so elucidated. It appears that the Ross Sea continental shelf remains the least affected of any on the globe. However the same cannot be said of the slope.