Attaining the promise of plant gene editing at scale
Attaining the promise of plant gene editing at scale
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2004846117
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发表时间：
2021-06-01
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Voytas, Daniel F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Nasti, Ryan A.;Voytas, Daniel F.
作物改良在很大程度上依赖于通过突变自发产生的遗传变异。现代育种方法非常善于结合这种遗传变异，从而显著提高植物的生产性能。通过突变育种和转基因也创造了新的性状。然而，基因编辑的出现标志着一个转折点：有了基因编辑，合成变异将越来越多地补充，在某些情况下，甚至取代自然发生的遗传变异。我们仍处于认识到植物基因编辑提供的机会的早期阶段。目前，通常一次只有一个或几个基因被靶向突变，大多数突变导致基因功能丧失。然而，新技术的发展有望使大规模进行基因编辑成为可能。例如，RNA病毒载体可以通过感染将基因编辑试剂传递到种系，并在受感染植物的后代中产生数百到数千种不同的突变。有了发育调节剂，编辑过的体细胞可以被诱导形成分生组织，产生产生种子的芽，从而提高了产量，缩短了创建编辑植物的时间尺度。随着这些方法的改进和其他方法的发展，它们将允许加速育种，驯化孤儿作物和以比以往任何时候都更直接的方式重新设计代谢。
Crop improvement relies heavily on genetic variation that arises spontaneously through mutation. Modern breeding methods are very adept at combining this genetic variation in ways that achieve remarkable improvements in plant performance. Novel traits have also been created through mutation breeding and transgenesis. The advent of gene editing, however, marks a turning point: With gene editing, synthetic variation will increasingly supplement and, in some cases, supplant the genetic variation that occurs naturally. We are still in the very early stages of realizing the opportunity provided by plant gene editing. At present, typically only one or a few genes are targeted for mutation at a time, and most mutations result in loss of gene function. New technological developments, however, promise to make it possible to perform gene editing at scale. RNA virus vectors, for example, can deliver gene-editing reagents to the germ line through infection and create hundreds to thousands of diverse mutations in the progeny of infected plants. With developmental regulators, edited somatic cells can be induced to form meristems that yield seed-producing shoots, thereby increasing throughput and shrinking timescales for creating edited plants. As these approaches are refined and others developed, they will allow for accelerated breeding, the domestication of orphan crops and the reengineering of metabolism in a more directed manner than has ever previously been possible.