Effectiveness of payment for ecosystem services after loss and uncertainty of compensation
Effectiveness of payment for ecosystem services after loss and uncertainty of compensation
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DOI：
10.1038/s41893-021-00804-5
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发表时间：
2021-11-22
影响因子：
27.6
通讯作者：
Salazar, Joel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Hayes, Tanya;Murtinho, Felipe;Salazar, Joel
生态系统服务付费(PES)方案寻求通过为期望的资源使用行为付费来促进保护。虽然PES已经被发现产生了一些生态和生计利益，但一个未被研究的问题是，当支付停止时会发生什么。我们在厄瓜多尔的一个项目中评估了家庭的土地使用行为是如何改变的，以应对临时的付款缺口和随后的付款不确定性，该方案向社区支付费用，以减少他们在公共土地上的放牧。2015年，在运作了六年后，该方案损失了资金，并停止了付款。2017年恢复了这些活动，但参与者只得到了部分追溯偿还，而且由于资金不稳定，未来的付款仍然不确定。使用差异建模方法，我们比较了计划中的社区和一组对照社区在PES付款之前、PES付款期间和付款缺口之后十年内的家庭放牧行为，在参与者仍被拖欠至少一次过去付款且未来付款不确定的时期(n=871户)。我们发现，在十年期间，放牧显著减少了近20%，即使在经历了支付损失后，家庭仍继续克制放牧。我们的结果表明，使方案目标与社区保护和生计目标保持一致的重要性。我们的讨论表明，这些条件可能会与PES相互作用，促使持续的行为变化。对厄瓜多尔受到威胁的生态系统减少放牧的长期分析表明，尽管该计划间歇性和由此带来的不确定性，家庭的放牧行为一直在减少
Payment for ecosystem services (PES) programmes seek to promote conservation via payments for desired resource-use behaviours. While PES has been found to produce some ecological and livelihood benefits, an understudied concern is what happens when payments stop. We assess how households' land-use behaviours changed in response to a temporary gap in payments and subsequent payment uncertainty in a programme in Ecuador, which paid communities to reduce their grazing on their communal lands. In 2015, after six years in operation, the programme lost funds and stopped payments. These resumed in 2017, but participants were only partially repaid retroactively, and future payments remained uncertain due to funding instability. Using a difference-in-difference modelling approach, we compare household grazing behaviour between communities in the programme and a set of control communities over ten years before PES payments, during PES payments and after the gap in payments in a period where participants were still owed at least one past payment and future payments were uncertain (n = 871 households). We find that grazing was significantly reduced by almost 20% over the ten-year period and that households continued to refrain from grazing even after experiencing payment loss. Our results demonstrate the importance of aligning programme objectives with community conservation and livelihood goals. Our discussion suggests how these conditions may interact with PES to prompt sustained behavioural change.A long-term analysis of payments to reduce grazing on a threatened ecosystem in Ecuador shows that, despite intermittence of the programme and the resulting uncertainty, grazing behaviour among households diminished consistently