The effect of being human and the basis of grammatical word order: Insights from novel communication systems and young sign languages.
The effect of being human and the basis of grammatical word order: Insights from novel communication systems and young sign languages.
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人类的影响和语法词序的基础：来自新颖的通信系统和年轻手语的见解。
DOI：
10.1016/j.cognition.2016.10.011
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Sandler,Wendy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Meir,Irit;Aronoff,Mark;Börstell,Carl;Hwang,So-One;Ilkbasaran,Deniz;Kastner,Itamar;Lepic,Ryan;LifshitzBen-Basat,Adi;Padden,Carol;Sandler,Wendy
这项研究确定了一个核心因素，引起了世界语言中不同的词序。在过去的十年里，年轻的手语和发明的手势系统的数据为这个长期存在的问题提供了一个新的窗口。以前的工作已经假设，词序在这两个发明的手势系统和年轻的手语是由需要编码的语义/句法角色的动词的参数。基于六组参与者的反应，三组当场发明手势系统的听力参与者，以及三组相对年轻的手语签名者，我们确定了在新颖和年轻的交流系统中确定话语产生语序的主要因素，而不是以前的账户，即论点在人类/动物属性方面的显着性：在无生命的论证之前引入人类论证（“人类优先”）。这一结论是基于在对所描绘的简单事件的反应之间发现的语序模式的差异，所述简单事件根据主体和客体是否都是人类或主体是否是人类而客体是无生命的而变化。我们认为，这些差异模式可以统一占“人类第一”的原则。我们的分析解释了SOV语序在无生命宾语从句中的普遍性（重复了先前对聋人手势者和听力正常的手势者的单独研究的结果）以及SOV和OSV在三组受另一语言系统干扰最小的受试者中引出的带有人类对象的小句中的普遍性（不识字的聋人手语者，他们很少或根本没有接触过另一种语言）。它还提供了一个解释的基本地位SOV秩序建议其他研究，以及稀缺的OSV秩序的世界语言，尽管它出现在新的通信系统。这项研究最广泛的含义是，人类和无生命实体之间的基本认知区别是启动单词排序的关键因素。
This study identifies a central factor that gives rise to the different word orders found in the world’s languages. In the last decade, a new window on this long-standing question has been provided by data from young sign languages and invented gesture systems. Previous work has assumed that word order in both invented gesture systems and young sign languages is driven by the need to encode the semantic/syntactic roles of the verb’s arguments. Based on the responses of six groups of participants, three groups of hearing participants who invented a gestural system on the spot, and three groups of signers of relatively young sign languages, we identify a major factor in determining word order in the production of utterances in novel and young communication systems, not suggested by previous accounts, namely the salience of the arguments in terms of their human/animacy properties: human arguments are introduced before inanimate arguments (‘human first’). This conclusion is based on the difference in word order patterns found between responses to depicted simple events that vary as to whether both subject and object are human or whether the subject is human and the object inanimate. We argue that these differential patterns can be accounted for uniformly by the ‘human first’ principle. Our analysis accounts for the prevalence of SOV order in clauses with an inanimate object in all groups (replicating results of previous separate studies of deaf signers and hearing gesturers) and the prevalence of both SOV and OSV in clauses with a human object elicited from the three groups of participants who have the least interference from another linguistic system (nonliterate deaf signers who have had little or no exposure to another language). It also provides an explanation for the basic status of SOV order suggested by other studies, as well as the scarcity of the OSV order in languages of the world, despite its appearance in novel communication systems. The broadest implication of this study is that the basic cognitive distinction between humans and inanimate entities is a crucial factor in setting the wheels of word ordering in motion.