TONGUES, TENTACLES AND TRUNKS - THE BIOMECHANICS OF MOVEMENT IN MUSCULAR-HYDROSTATS
TONGUES, TENTACLES AND TRUNKS - THE BIOMECHANICS OF MOVEMENT IN MUSCULAR-HYDROSTATS
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01178.x
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发表时间：
1985-01-01
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
SMITH, KK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
KIER, WM;SMITH, KK
肌肉静水器，即缺乏典型骨骼支持系统的肌肉器官，包括哺乳动物和蜥蜴的舌头、头足类软体动物的手臂和触手以及大象的鼻子。本文讨论了这些器官产生伸长、缩短、弯曲和扭转的方式。肌肉静压器最重要的生物力学特征是它们的体积是恒定的，因此 1 个维度的任何减少都会导致至少 1 个其他维度的补偿性增加。肌肉静压器的伸长是通过横向、圆形或径向肌肉的收缩产生的，从而减小了横截面。缩短是由纵向肌肉收缩产生的。恒定体积结构的长度和宽度之间的关系允许放大肌肉静水器和其他静液压系统中的肌肉力或位移。弯曲需要纵向和拮抗的圆形、横向或径向肌肉同时收缩。在弯曲时，一个肌肉块充当运动的效应器，而备用肌肉块则为该运动提供支持。扭转是由以螺旋方式包裹肌肉静水器的肌肉收缩产生的。
Muscular hydrostats, muscular organs which lack typical systems of skeletal support, include the tongues of mammals and lizards, the arms and tentacles of cephalopod mollusks and the trunks of elephants. In this paper the means by which such organs produce elongation, shortening, bending and torsions are discussed. The most important biomechanical feature of muscular hydrostats is that their volume is constant, so that any decrease in 1 dimension will cause a compensatury increase in at least 1 other dimension. Elongation of a muscular hydrostat is produced by contraction of transverse, circular or radial muscles which decrease the cross-section. Shortening is produced by contraction of longitudinal muscles. The relation between length and width of a constant volume structure allows amplification of muscle force or displacement in muscular-hydrostats and other hydrostatic systems. Bending requires simultaneous contraction of longitudinal and antagonistic circular, transverse or radial muscles. In bending, 1 muscle mass acts as an effector of movement while the alternate muscle mass provides support for that movement. Torsion is produced by contraction of muscles which wrap the muscular-hydrostat in a helical fashion.