Evidence of freshwater algal toxins in marine shellfish: Implications for human and aquatic health
Evidence of freshwater algal toxins in marine shellfish: Implications for human and aquatic health
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DOI：
10.1016/j.hal.2016.09.007
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发表时间：
2016-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Kudela, Raphael M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gibble, Corinne M.;Peacock, Melissa B.;Kudela, Raphael M.
影响沿海海洋的淡水有害藻华毒素的发生是一个新出现的威胁，无脊椎动物猎物聚集毒素并对人类和野生动物消费者造成伤害的潜力尚未得到充分认识。我们研究了毒素的吸收和释放在海洋贻贝的肝毒素微囊藻毒素，由淡水蓝藻属微囊藻产生的颗粒和溶解相。我们还扩大了我们的颗粒毒素的实验研究，包括牡蛎（Crassostreasp.）为水产养殖而商业化种植。将加州贻贝（Mytilus californianus）和牡蛎暴露于不同浓度的微囊藻和微囊藻毒素中24 h，然后将其置于恒定流动的海水中，并模拟河流冲刷事件对沿海海洋进行采样。贻贝暴露于颗粒状微囊藻毒素后，毒素清除缓慢，毒素可检测到至少8周后，暴露于26.65 μ g/L的微囊藻毒素后的最大毒素为39.11 ng/g。溶解的毒素也被加州贻贝吸收，在暴露于7.74 μ g/L的微囊藻毒素后，最大浓度为20.74 ng/g，但被清除得更快。牡蛎也吸收了颗粒毒素，但比贻贝清除得更快。此外，从旧金山弗朗西斯科湾收集的天然海洋贻贝检测出高水平的微囊藻毒素。这些结果表明，短暂排放的微囊藻或微囊藻毒素的河口和沿海海洋积累在较高的营养水平数周到数月后曝光。(C)2016年6月，作者。由Elsevier B. V.出版，这是CC BY-NC-ND许可下的开放获取文章。
The occurrence of freshwater harmful algal bloom toxins impacting the coastal ocean is an emerging threat, and the potential for invertebrate prey items to concentrate toxin and cause harm to human and wildlife consumers is not yet fully recognized. We examined toxin uptake and release in marine mussels for both particulate and dissolved phases of the hepatotoxin microcystin, produced by the freshwater cyanobacterial genus Microcystis. We also extended our experimental investigation of particulate toxin to include oysters (Crassostrea sp.) grown commercially for aquaculture. California mussels (Mytilus californianus) and oysters were exposed to Microcystis and microcystin toxin for 24 h at varying concentrations, and then were placed in constantly flowing seawater and sampled through time simulating riverine flushing events to the coastal ocean. Mussels exposed to particulate microcystin purged the toxin slowly, with toxin detectable for at least 8 weeks post-exposure and maximum toxin of 39.11 ng/g after exposure to 26.65 mu g/L microcystins. Dissolved toxin was also taken up by California mussels, with maximum concentrations of 20.74 ng/g after exposure to 7.74 mu g/L microcystin, but was purged more rapidly. Oysters also took up particulate toxin but purged it more quickly than mussels. Additionally, naturally occurring marine mussels collected from San Francisco Bay tested positive for high levels of microcystin toxin. These results suggest that ephemeral discharge of Microcystis or microcystin to estuaries and the coastal ocean accumulate in higher trophic levels for weeks to months following exposure. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.