Factors influencing the upper free tropospheric distribution of reactive nitrogen over the South Atlantic during the TRACE A experiment
Factors influencing the upper free tropospheric distribution of reactive nitrogen over the South Atlantic during the TRACE A experiment
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TRACE A 实验期间影响南大西洋上层自由对流层活性氮分布的因素
DOI：
10.1029/96jd00224
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发表时间：
1996
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
A. Bachmeier
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. Smyth;S. Sandholm;J. Bradshaw;R. Talbot;D. Blake;N. Blake;F. Rowland;H. Singh;G. Gregory;B. Anderson;G. Sachse;J. Collins;A. Bachmeier
本文评估了在赤道和热带南大西洋上空对流层上层观测到的NO水平增强的潜在来源。在1992年9月/10月期间，氮氧化物（NO + NO2）的混合比在8至13公里的区域平均为150万亿分之一的体积（pptv），并受到很大的影响，出现了空间大的“羽流”（100至1000公里）与NO的增强超过800万亿分之一的体积。其他痕量气体也在这些羽流中增强（例如，CO、CO2、CH4、CH3Cl、C2H2、C2H6、C3H8和PAN）。然而，对于这些示踪剂的表面排放，不一致的模式增强被发现相对于彼此和NO。我们分析了这些羽流之间的连贯性关系的迹象增强的NO水平和增强的生物和燃烧相关的示踪剂的水平。这一分析表明，示踪剂的关系主要是由它们共同注入通过深对流到对流层上层。使用燃烧示踪剂参考框架结合气象分析的推论分析表明，在对流层上部的氮氧化物的寿命比预期的要长。该分析还表明，在对流层上部可能存在一种有效的机制，用于将HNO3再循环回NOx中，其速率与HNO3形成的预测速率相当。在赤道大西洋附近的运输和大气化学研究期间，这种原位形成的氮氧化物估计在南大西洋盆地的对流层上部提供相当于约0.7 TgN/年的氮氧化物。据估计，这一幅度的本地原位源是从闪电和生物质燃烧，这两者都是通过深对流注入的组合输入相媲美。我们的分析还表明，闪电可以贡献多达一半的外部输入的氮氧化物进入这一地区的对流层上部的生物质燃烧可能代表的其余部分。
This paper evaluates the potential sources of the enhanced levels of NO that were observed throughout the upper troposphere over the equatorial and tropical South Atlantic. During September/October 1992 NOx (NO + NO2) mixing ratios in the 8- to 13-km region averaged 150 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) and were greatly affected by what appeared as spatially large “plumes” (100 to 1000 km) with NO enhancements of over 800 parts per trillion by volume. Other trace gases were also enhanced within these plumes (e.g., CO, CO2, CH4, CH3Cl, C2H2, C2H6, C3H8, and PAN). However, for these tracers of surface emissions, inconsistent patterns of enhancement were found with respect to one another and to NO. We analyzed these plumes for indications of coherent relationships between the enhanced levels of NO and the enhanced levels of biogenic and combustion-related tracers. This analysis indicated that the tracer relationships were primarily produced by their common injection via deep convection into the upper troposphere. A corollary analysis using a combustion tracer reference frame in combination with meteorological analysis indicates a longer than expected lifetime of NOx in the upper troposphere. This analysis also suggests that an efficient mechanism may exist in the upper troposphere for recycling HNO3 back into NOx with a rate comparable to that predicted for the HNO3 formation. During the Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry Near the Equator Atlantic study period this in-situ formation of NOx is estimated to provide the equivalent of approximately 0.7 TgN/yr of NOx within the South Atlantic basin's upper troposphere. This magnitude of local in situ source is estimated to be comparable to the combined inputs from lightning and biomass burning, which are both injected via deep convection. Our analysis also suggests that lightning can contribute as much as half of the external input of NOx into this region of the upper troposphere with biomass burning possibly representing the remainder.
热带西太平洋上空的活性氮 闪电和生物质燃烧的影响
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2003
期刊：
J.Geophys.Res. 108
影响因子：
--
作者：
M.Koike;Y.Kondo;D.Akutagawa;K.Kita;N.Nishi;S.C.Liu;D.Blake;S.Kawakami;N.Takegawa;M.Ko;Y.Zhao;T.Ogawa
通讯作者：
T.Ogawa