Addressing residual risk issues at anthrax cleanups: How clean is safe?
Addressing residual risk issues at anthrax cleanups: How clean is safe?
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DOI：
10.1080/15287390590912621
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发表时间：
2005-06-11
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Canter, DA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Canter, DA
自2001年炭疽杆菌孢子被邮寄到各媒体办公室和两名美国参议员的袭击事件以来，人们的极大兴趣集中在评估接触这些孢子而感染吸入性炭疽的风险。可靠的风险评估将在确定污染场地未来的清理目标方面具有重要的作用。为了进行有意义的风险评估，需要有足够的数据来识别危害，进行剂量反应评估，并评估暴露。本报告回顾了炭疽芽孢杆菌孢子在实验室动物和人类中产生的死亡率的现有数据。它特别关注2001年袭击造成的11例吸入性炭疽病例及其对危险识别活动的影响。它还讨论了可能导致受照射人群风险增加的因素以及剂量反应分析中的不确定性来源。这篇文章审查了评估炭疽芽孢杆菌孢子暴露水平的科学现状，并得出结论，进行可靠的风险评估存在重大挑战，这一结论支持美国环境保护署（EPA）的政策立场，即所有治疗后环境样本中不应生长炭疽芽孢杆菌孢子，以便判定某个地点的清理工作是有效的，并认为该地点可以安全地重新占用。这是2001年炭疽袭击后清理工作效率的最终标准。
Since the 2001 attacks in which Bacillus anthracis spores were mailed to various media offices and two U.S. Senators, considerable interest has focused on developing estimates of the risk of contracting inhalational anthrax from exposure to such spores. Credible risk estimates would have significant utility in establishing future cleanup goals for contaminated sites. To perform a meaningful risk assessment, one needs sufficient data to identify the hazards, conduct dose-response assessment, and assess exposure. This report reviews the existing data on mortality produced by Bacillus anthracis spores in laboratory animals and humans. In particular, it focuses on the 11 cases of inhalational anthrax resulting from the 2001 attacks and their impact on hazard identification activities. It also addresses factors that may contribute to increased risk among exposed populations and the sources of uncertainty in dose response analysis. The article examines the state of the science for assessing exposure levels to Bacillus anthracis spores and concludes that significant challenges exist to performing robust assessments of risk, This conclusion supports the policy position of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that there should be no growth of Bacillus anthracis spores from all postremediation environmental samples, for the cleanup of a site to be judged effective and for that site to be considered safe for reoccupancy. This ha, been the ultimate criterion for efficacy of cleanups performed in response to the 2001 anthrax attacks.