Poor impulse control predicts inelastic demand for nicotine but not alcohol in rats
Poor impulse control predicts inelastic demand for nicotine but not alcohol in rats
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00376.x
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发表时间：
2012-05-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
De Vries, Taco J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Diergaarde, Leontien;van Mourik, Yvar;De Vries, Taco J.
烟草和酒精依赖的特征是，尽管对健康、社会和职业产生有害影响，但仍持续使用，这意味着成瘾个体为其使用付出了高昂代价。从行为经济学的角度来看，尽管成本增加但仍持续消费可被概念化为需求无弹性。最近的动物研究表明，高冲动性个体比低冲动性个体更愿意为获取尼古丁或可卡因注射而努力，这表明这种特质可能与药物需求无弹性有因果关系。通过采用累进比率强化程序并结合行为经济学分析方法，我们确定了特质冲动性是否与尼古丁或酒精消费对价格上涨的不敏感性相关。大鼠接受延迟折扣任务训练以测量冲动性选择。此后，选择高冲动性和低冲动性大鼠，并训练它们通过鼻触获取静脉注射尼古丁或口服酒精。在连续强化程序下稳定自我给药后，提高价格（即反应要求）。使用赫什指数需求方程绘制出描述价格和消费之间关系的需求曲线。与人类观察结果相似，大鼠的尼古丁和酒精消费符合该方程，从而证明了我们模型的有效性。此外，高冲动性大鼠表现出尼古丁需求无弹性，因为与低冲动性大鼠相比，它们的尼古丁消费对价格上涨不太敏感。冲动性选择与酒精需求弹性的差异无关。我们的模型似乎非常适合研究大鼠的尼古丁和酒精需求，因此可能有助于我们理解烟草和酒精依赖。
Tobacco and alcohol dependence are characterized by continued use despite deleterious health, social and occupational consequences, implying that addicted individuals pay a high price for their use. In behavioral economic terms, such persistent consumption despite increased costs can be conceptualized as inelastic demand. Recent animal studies demonstrated that high-impulsive individuals are more willing to work for nicotine or cocaine infusions than their low-impulsive counterparts, indicating that this trait might be causally related to inelastic drug demand. By employing progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement combined with a behavioral economics approach of analysis, we determined whether trait impulsivity is associated with an insensitivity of nicotine or alcohol consumption to price increments. Rats were trained on a delayed discounting task, measuring impulsive choice. Hereafter, high- and low-impulsive rats were selected and trained to nose poke for intravenous nicotine or oral alcohol. Upon stable self-administration on a continuous reinforcement schedule, the price (i.e. response requirement) was increased. Demand curves, depicting the relationship between price and consumption, were produced using Hursh's exponential demand equation. Similar to human observations, nicotine and alcohol consumption in rats fitted this equation, thereby demonstrating the validity of our model. Moreover, high-impulsive rats displayed inelastic nicotine demand, as their nicotine consumption was less sensitive to price increments as compared with that in low-impulsive rats. Impulsive choice was not related to differences in alcohol demand elasticity. Our model seems well suited for studying nicotine and alcohol demand in rats and, as such, might contribute to our understanding of tobacco and alcohol dependence.