Mental Model of Dynamic Systems
Mental Model of Dynamic Systems
复制标题
动态系统的心智模型
DOI：
10.1007/springerreference_302079
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
0.9
通讯作者：
Stefan N. Grösser
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Stefan N. Grösser
认知过程是任何获取、储存、转换、简化、阐述或使用知识的心理活动。认知过程也被称为认知。动态决策是在管理动态系统（即随时间变化的环境）的过程中，在不同时间对备选方案进行评估和选择的过程。动态系统是状态随时间变化的系统。动态系统与描述许多研究领域中的动态现象有关，例如心理学、运筹学、管理学、政治学、社会学和经济学。基于模型的学习（MBL）是指人类为了学习的目的而与外部的正式模型进行交互的活动。外部模型被用作与学习者一起构建和指导学习过程的参考点。模型是对实际系统的简化表示。模型以外部和内部模型的形式出现在本条目中。外部模型是个人的内部（心理）模型的显式的、主要是图形化的表示。它提供了一种沟通和分析的手段。内在（心理）模型是认知心理学的一种构造。心理模型是人们用来理解现象的元素之间概念和因果关系的内部表征。反馈是关于系统当前输出条件的信息的传输和返回。反馈过程是系统通过其产生的输出或响应来控制或改变的过程。学习被认为是以下类型的反馈过程：我们的决定改变了现实世界，我们接收到关于世界的信息反馈，并修改我们做出的决定，随后修改激励这些决定的心理模型。学习也可以看作是发现模型或现实的内容和结构的过程。库存和流程图（SFD）是一种用图形表示动态系统心理模型的工具。这种图是一种表示系统反馈结构的方法，该系统在概念上由反馈回路组成。系统动力学是一种计算机建模方法，用于表示和分析复杂的非线性动态反馈系统，以产生见解和改善系统性能。它起源于控制理论、管理科学和数字计算。它于1957年由JayW创建。作为一种帮助管理者更好地理解和控制公司系统的方法。今天，它被广泛应用于各种学科的主题；请参阅www.systemdynamics.org和“系统动力学评论”杂志。
Definition Cognitive processes are any mental activity that acquires, stores, transforms, reduces, elaborates, or uses knowledge. Cognitive processes are also referred to as cognition. Dynamic decision making is the process of assessing and choosing among alternatives at different times in the course of managing a dynamic system, that is, an environment that changes over time. A dynamic system is one whose state changes with time. Dynamic systems are relevant to describe dynamic phenomena in many fields of research, for instance, in psychology, operations research, management, political sciences, sociology, and economics. Model-based learning (MBL) refers to the activity of humans interacting with an external, formal model for the purpose of learning. The external model is used as a point of reference that structures and guides the learning process with the learner. Model is a simplified representation of a real system. Models appear in this entry in the form of external and internal models. An external model is an explicit, mostly graphical representation of an internal (mental) model of an individual. It provides a means for communication and analysis. An internal (mental)model is a construct of cognitive psychology. Mental models are internal representations of conceptual and causal interrelations among elements that people use to understand phenomena. Feedback is the transmission and return of information about the current output condition of a system. A feedback process is a process by which a system is controlled or changed by the output or response it produces. Learning is considered a feedback process of the following kind: Our decisions alter the real world, we receive information feedback about the world and revise the decisions we make and subsequently the mental models that motivate those decisions. Learning can also be seen as a process of discovering the content and structure of a model or reality. A stock and flow diagram (SFD) is a tool for graphically representing mental models of dynamic systems. Such a diagram is a means to represent the feedback structure of a system that consists conceptually of feedback loops. System Dynamics is a computer modeling methodology that is used to represent and analyze complex nonlinear dynamic feedback systems for the purpose of generating insights and improving system performance. It has its intellectual origins in control theory, management science, and digital computing. It was created in 1957 by JayW. Forrester of theMassachusetts Institute of Technology as a method for helping managers better understand and control corporate systems. Today, it is applied to topics in a wide variety of academic disciplines; see www.systemdynamics.org and the journal “System Dynamics Review.”