Human information processing : tutorials in performance and cognition
Human information processing : tutorials in performance and cognition
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人类信息处理：性能和认知教程
DOI：
10.2307/1421909
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发表时间：
1975
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
B. Kantowitz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. S. Mayzner;B. Kantowitz
本卷通过使用教程方法，涵盖了人类信息处理的一般领域内的大约七个离散区域。考虑到最近此类书籍的激增，这本书传达了什么真正独特的信息？最令人高兴的是，本书有很多独特之处，而且本书绝不是对过去文献评论的又一次冗余和厌倦的重复。也许它最显着的特征是它处理方法论问题的方法，以及它对“信息处理的人类表现和人类认知方面”之间的共性的强调（第ix页），而不是这两种方法之间的差异。正如编者在序言中所说，“教程风格是针对两种受众的”。尚未选择专业领域的研究生应该会发现广泛的覆盖范围有助于实现这一目标。那些希望更多地了解人类信息处理特定领域的资深研究人员，如果他们远离自己的专业，通过文献检索获取这些信息可能会很乏味，那么本书也应该会有所帮助。这两个群体都应该从整本书中对方法论的高度重视中受益。因此，本书应该保护刚接触某个领域或某种方法的研究人员，避免重复作者所指出的一些错误。第一章是理查德·W·皮尤 (Richard W. Pew) 所著的《人类感知运动性能》，首先讨论了机械性和“头脑简单的纠错系统”的属性和性能。诸如随机信号跟踪和补偿跟踪的简单模型等问题得到了批判性和深入的讨论和研究。这自然地发展成对跟踪性能的离散模型和连续模型之间关系的处理。最后，提供了跟踪中的各种高阶机制，概述了信号可预测性的来源，并给出了正弦波跟踪作为示例，并以现在非常熟悉的“框图”描述了总体分析。大约在皮尤治疗的中期，他的关注点从跟踪表现本身转向对所谓自愿运动的获得和表现的深入和基本理解。也许皮尤对这些问题最深入的分析是记忆在跟踪表现与自愿运动中所扮演的不同角色。他对运动记忆的讨论非常具有启发性，他对巴特利特引入的图式学习及其与运动记忆问题的关系的讨论也非常出色。皮尤的整体分析得出了另一个框图，总结了他对“自愿”运动控制的想法。他的结论是，“虽然还有大量细节有待解决，但本章的主旨是，内环控制、高阶跟踪控制以及所谓自愿运动的制定和执行之间没有任何不相容的地方”（第 36 页）。第二章“信息处理研究中反应时间的解释”，作者：Robert G. Pachella，不仅非常及时，而且是一个例外695
The present volume, by utilizing a tutorial approach, covers some seven discrete regions within the general domain of human information processing. What does this volume convey that is truly unique, considering the recent proliferation of such books? Most happily, there is much that is unique, and this volume is in no sense another redundant and tired repetition of past reviews of the literature. Perhaps its most distinguishing characteristic is its approach to methodological issues and its emphasis on the commonalities "between human performance and human cognition aspects of information processing" (p. ix) rather than on the differences between these two approaches. As the editor says in his preface, "the tutorial style is aimed at two audiences." Graduate students who have yet to select an area of specialization should find the broad coverage an aid to this end. Sophisticated researchers who wish to learn more about a particular area of human information processing sufficiently removed from their own speciality that obtaining this information from a search of the literature might prove tedious should also find this volume helpful. Both groups should benefit from the heavy emphasis on methodology that is present throughout the volume. Thus, this book should protect the researcher who is new to an area or an approach from repeating some of the errors that have been noted by the authors. The first chapter, "Human Perceptual-Motor Performance" by Richard W. Pew, addresses first the properties and performance of rather mechanistic and "simple-minded error-correction systems." Issues such as the tracking of random signals and a simple model of compensatory tracking are discussed and examined critically and incisively. This develops naturally into a treatment of the relationship between discrete and continuous models of tracking performance. Finally, various higher-order mechanisms in tracking are then offered, sources of signal predictability are outlined, and sine-wave tracking is given as an example, with the overall analysis described in terms of the 'block diagram' that by now is all too familiar. Approximately midway through Pew's treatment, his concern shifts from tracking performance per se to a deep and fundamental understanding of the acquisition and performance of so-called voluntary movements. Perhaps Pew's most penetrating analysis of these issues is of the different roles played by memory in tracking performance versus voluntary movement. His discussion of motor memory is highly illuminating, and his discussion of schema learning as introduced by Bartlett and its relation to problems of motor memory is exceptional. Pew's overall analysis results in another block diagram that summarizes his thinking on 'voluntary' motor control. He concludes that "while a great deal of detail remains to be worked out, the main thrust of this chapter is that there is nothing incompatible among the representations of inner-loop control, higher-order tracking control, and the formulation and execution of so-called voluntary movements" (p. 36). Chapter 2, "The Interpretation of Reaction Time in Information-Processing Research" by Robert G. Pachella, is not only exceedingly timely but an excep695