Bad Faith and Fair Use
Bad Faith and Fair Use
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恶意和合理使用
DOI：
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Matt Kellogg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Simon J. Frankel;Matt Kellogg
合理使用原则在版权法中起着关键作用，保护受版权保护的作品的某些社会价值用途免受侵权索赔，以维持作者有限垄断和公众利益之间的平衡。本文探讨了一个相对较新的和越来越成问题的趋势，在合理使用的法理学：法院的倾向，以决定是否版权被告作出了合理使用原告的工作，部分根据被告是否已采取行动在“恶意”。法院使用“恶意”一词来涵盖不利于合理使用裁决的广泛行为。在某些情况下，该术语指的是被告获得了受版权保护的作品的未经授权的副本。在其他地方，它提到被告没有首先请求原告允许使用受版权保护的作品。在另一些情况下，被告的恶意是由于不承认原告是原作者。有些法院甚至认为，当被告不能“合理地相信”她对受版权保护的作品的使用是公平的时，她的行为是恶意的。正如文章所解释的，没有任何历史的、法律的或逻辑的理由表明这些或任何其他假定的恶意措施应该在合理使用分析中发挥作用。恶意调查不符合版权的中心目标--增加公众对新作品的接触--事实上大大阻碍了这一目标。它还不必要地混淆了合理使用与其他法律领域，使版权诉讼成本更高，更不可预测，并破坏了版权的内置第一修正案的保护。然而，在过去几十年里，恶意一直是合理使用的一个要素，主要是因为没有认识到这一理论错误或其后果缺乏历史或法律的基础。为了纠正这一误解，本文首次深入探讨了恶意调查的历史渊源和法院应该从合理使用中放弃所有恶意考虑的许多原因。
The fair use doctrine plays a critical role in copyright law, protecting certain socially valuable uses of a copyrighted work against claims of infringement so as to maintain the balance between the author’s limited monopoly and the general public good. This article examines a relatively recent and increasingly problematic trend in fair use jurisprudence: courts’ tendency to decide whether a copyright defendant has made a fair use of the plaintiff’s work based in part on whether the defendant has acted in “bad faith.” Courts use the term “bad faith” to encompass a wide range of conduct weighing against a finding of fair use. In some cases, the term refers to the fact that the defendant obtained an unauthorized copy of the copyrighted work. Elsewhere, it refers to the fact that the defendant did not first request permission from the plaintiff to use the copyrighted work. In yet other cases, the defendant’s bad faith is premised on a failure to acknowledge the plaintiff as the original author. Some courts have even suggested that a defendant acts in bad faith when she could not have “reasonably believed” that her use of the copyrighted work was fair.As the article explains, there is no historical, legal, or logical reason that these or any other supposed measures of bad faith should play a role in the fair use analysis. The bad faith inquiry does not serve the central goal of copyright — to increase public access to new works — and in fact does much to impede this goal. It also needlessly confuses fair use with other areas of law, makes copyright litigation more costly and less predictable, and undermines copyright’s built-in First Amendment protections. Yet bad faith has persisted as an element of fair use for the past several decades, largely because of a failure to appreciate either the lack of historical or legal basis for this doctrinal mistake or its consequences. In an effort to correct this misunderstanding, the article offers the first in-depth exploration of both the historical origins of the bad faith inquiry and the many reasons courts should drop all considerations of bad faith from fair use.