Economic and Social Benefits from Wave Energy Conversion Marine Technology
Economic and Social Benefits from Wave Energy Conversion Marine Technology
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波浪能转换海洋技术的经济效益和社会效益
DOI：
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发表时间：
2007
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. Bedard
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文献类型：
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作者：
R. Bedard
本文综述了波浪能技术的能源来源、能量转换技术以及利用波浪能技术的经济效益和社会效益。电力研究所（EPRI）估计，美国可合理利用的波浪资源潜力约为2004年美国全国电能需求的6.5%（2004年总需求约为4，000 TWh）。波浪能转换（WEC）是一项新兴技术;在过去10年中，迄今为止已在全球天然沃茨中测试了10种WEC装置。经济机会是巨大的。今天，政府对公共利益的相对较小的投资可以刺激一个世界性的工业，产生数十亿美元的经济产出，雇用数千人，同时使用丰富和清洁的自然资源来满足我们的能源需求。波浪能可能更容易被电网吸收（与风能和太阳能相比），因为它可以在两到三天前更准确地预测并作为公司电力出售。如果在选址、部署、运营、维护和退役方面给予适当的照顾，波浪能有望成为最环保的发电技术之一。在美国开发和使用这些技术的主要障碍是繁琐的监管程序。我们建议并鼓励制定有效的监管制度，促进这种环保发电技术在我们社会的应用。北南在这些地区，波前的功率在30至70 kW/ m之间变化，在少数地方峰值达到100 kW/m。EPRI估计，美国可合理利用的波浪资源潜力约占2004年美国全国电能需求的6.5%（EPRI WP-009-US）。美国的波浪能潜力约为2,100 TWh/年（见图2），由四（4）个区域波浪能气候组成，每个气候都有自己的特点。假设提取15%的波浪机械能（包括装置间距的影响，吸收小于所有可用波浪能的装置和海洋空间限制），典型的动力传动系效率为90%，工厂可用性为90%，产生的电力约为260 TWh/年，约等于2004年传统水力发电的总发电量。为了有效地利用波浪能，必须了解几个时间尺度上的变化，即：波浪到波浪（秒），波群到波群（分钟），以及海况到海况（小时到天）。秒到分钟的时间尺度对于连续地“调整”设备以适应不断变化的海况是重要的。小时到天的时间尺度对于为提前一天的电网市场提供可靠的电力保证非常重要。能够根据图1中的全球波浪资源准确预测波浪能量的变化（Thorpe，1998）。海浪的力量真的很可怕。除了令人兴奋的冲浪爱好者和迷人的海滩游客，它们的破坏潜力长期以来赢得了一代又一代渔民，船民和其他遇到海洋力量的水手的尊重。海浪可以被利用成有用的能源，以减少我们对化石燃料的依赖。我们可以从一种像海浪一样清洁、无污染、丰富的资源中获得能源，而不是燃烧消耗殆尽的化石燃料储备。这项技术虽然很年轻，但它可以将海浪的能量转化为电能。图1显示了Tom Thorpe博士（Thorpe，1998）估算的全球波浪能资源，单位为每单位米波峰长度的千瓦功率。最高的能量波集中在西海岸的40-60纬度范围内
This paper summarizes the energy resource, the energy conversion technology, and the economic and social benefits of using wave energy technology. The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) estimates that the U.S. wave resource potential that could credibly be harnessed is about 6.5% of the 2004 U.S. national electricity energy demand (the total 2004 demand was about 4,000 TWh). Wave energy conversion (WEC) is an emerging technology; ten WEC devices have been tested to date in natural waters worldwide over the past 10 years. The economic opportunities are significant. A relatively minor investment by government in the public good today could stimulate a worldwide industry generating billions of dollars of economic output and employing thousands of people, while using an abundant and clean natural resource to meet our energy needs. Wave energy is potentially more easily assimilated into the grid (compared to wind and solar) because it may be more accurately predictable two to three days ahead and sold as firm power. Given proper care in siting, deployment, operations, maintenance and decommissioning, wave power promises to be one of the most environmentally benign electrical generation technologies. The primary barrier to the development and use of these technologies in the U.S. is the cumbersome regulatory process. We recommend and encourage the development of an effective regulatory system that fosters the application of this environmentally friendly electricity generation technology for our society. north and south. The power in the wave fronts varies in these areas between 30 and 70 kW/ m with peaks to 100kW/m in a few locations. EPRI estimates that the U.S. wave resource potential which could be credibly harnessed is about 6.5% of 2004 U.S. national electricity energy demand (EPRI WP-009-US). The U.S. wave energy potential is about 2,100 TWh/yr (see Figure 2) and composed of four (4) regional wave energy climates, each with their own characteristics. Assuming an extraction of 15% wave to mechanical energy (which includes the effects of device spacing, devices which absorb less than all the available wave energy and sea space constraints), typical power train efficiencies of 90% and a plant availability of 90%, electricity produced is about 260 TWh/yr, which is about equivalent to the total 2004 energy generation of conventional hydro power. In order to effectively use wave energy, the variability over several time scales— namely: wave to wave (seconds), wave group to wave group (minutes), and sea state to sea state (hours to days)—must be understood. The time scale of seconds to minutes is important for continuously “tuning” the plant to changing sea states. The hours to days time scale is important for providing firm power guarantees into the day ahead electrical grid market. Being able to accurately forecast changes in wave energy in response to the FIGURE 1 Worldwide Wave Resource (Thorpe, 1998). T Resource he power of ocean waves is truly awesome. Aside from thrilling surfing enthusiasts and enthralling beachgoers, their destructive potential has long earned the respect of generations of fishermen, boaters, and other mariners who encounter the forces of the sea. Ocean waves can be harnessed into useful energy to reduce our dependence on fossil fuel. Instead of burning depleting fossil fuel reserves, we can obtain energy from a resource as clean, pollution free, and abundant as ocean waves. The technology, though young, exists to convert the power of ocean waves into electricity. The worldwide wave energy resource, stated in kW power per unit meter of wave crest length, estimated by Dr. Tom Thorpe (Thorpe, 1998) is shown in Figure 1. The highest energy waves are concentrated off western coasts in the 40–60 latitude range