Impacts of marine and freshwater aquaculture on wildlife: a global meta-analysis
Impacts of marine and freshwater aquaculture on wildlife: a global meta-analysis
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DOI：
10.1111/raq.12277
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发表时间：
2019-11-01
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Dempster, Tim
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Barrett, Luke T.;Swearer, Stephen E.;Dempster, Tim
水产养殖在全球的扩张引起了人们对其环境影响的关注，包括对野生动物的影响。水产养殖场被认为排斥某些物种，并作为吸引人口的汇（“生态陷阱”）或人口来源。我们进行了系统的回顾和荟萃分析的实证研究记录水产养殖业务和脊椎动物野生动物之间的相互作用。农场与当地野生动物的丰度和多样性有关，尽管这种整体效应受到海洋网箱和贝类养殖场野生鱼类聚集的强烈驱动（丰度：72倍;物种丰富度：2.0倍）。农场的鸟类也更多样化（1.1倍），但其他类群表现出可变和相对较小的影响。当研究人员选择无特征或无结构的栖息地作为参考地点时，报告了更大的影响。聚集“热点”的证据是明确的，在某些系统中，但我们不能确定是否农场作为生态陷阱大多数类群，很少有研究评估栖息地偏好或健身野生动物。在养殖场附近采集的鱼更大更重，身体状况没有变化，但也面临更高的疾病和寄生虫风险。鸟类和哺乳动物经常被报告捕食种群，但关于鸟类和哺乳动物这种相互作用的结果的数据很少-农场可能对许多物种起到生态陷阱的作用。我们建议研究人员测量养殖场相关野生动物的生存和繁殖，以在水产养殖及其对野生动物种群的影响之间建立直接的因果关系。
The global expansion of aquaculture has raised concerns about its environmental impacts, including effects on wildlife. Aquaculture farms are thought to repel some species and function as either attractive population sinks ('ecological traps') or population sources for others. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of empirical studies documenting interactions between aquaculture operations and vertebrate wildlife. Farms were associated with elevated local abundance and diversity of wildlife, although this overall effect was strongly driven by aggregations of wild fish at sea cages and shellfish farms (abundance: 72x; species richness: 2.0x). Birds were also more diverse at farms (1.1x), but other taxa showed variable and comparatively small effects. Larger effects were reported when researchers selected featureless or unstructured habitats as reference sites. Evidence for aggregation 'hotspots' is clear in some systems, but we cannot determine whether farms act as ecological traps for most taxa, as few studies assess either habitat preference or fitness in wildlife. Fish collected near farms were larger and heavier with no change in body condition, but also faced higher risk of disease and parasitism. Birds and mammals were frequently reported preying on stock, but little data exist on the outcomes of such interactions for birds and mammals - farms are likely to function as ecological traps for many species. We recommend researchers measure survival and reproduction in farm-associated wildlife to make direct, causal links between aquaculture and its effects on wildlife populations.