Beyond State Collapse: Rural History, Raised Fields, and Pastoralism in the South Andes
Beyond State Collapse: Rural History, Raised Fields, and Pastoralism in the South Andes
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国家崩溃之外：安第斯山脉南部的乡村历史、耕地和畜牧业
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发表时间：
1992
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通讯作者：
Gray Graffam
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作者：
Gray Graffam
农民社会的基本节奏在政治崩溃后塑造农村传统方面发挥了重要作用。自20世纪30年代法国历史学家马克·布洛赫（Marc Bloch）大胆发展这一观点以来，这一观点一直是农村历史的一个突出主题，它在当代人类学和当前国家崩溃理论的框架中发挥着宝贵的作用。由于国家社会从来不会完全崩溃，也不会在所有部分平等地崩溃，因此，正是乡村社会为生存而顽强地生存下去，有助于解释早期国家一级制度在后国家环境中的重构。这里所采取的观点是，社会演变不仅是一种“自上而下”的现象，而且是一种“自下而上”的发展，其中农村社会发展了一种新的手段来应对国家消亡后出现的经济问题。审查的具体案例是蒂瓦纳库国家崩溃后的喀喀湖盆地继续建造和使用高地。高地是一种高产技术，旨在实现高年产量，直到南安第斯山脉中晚期，这种技术仍在继续。人们一定会问，为什么在国家崩溃和城市生活之后实施这样的技术。这里提出的答案是，在的的喀喀湖地区，耕地是补贴畜牧业的一种手段，而在互惠亲属关系的背景下集体自愿发生的后国家经济结构调整旨在维持骆驼财富。
The underlying rhythms of peasant society play an important role in shaping rural traditions in the wake of political collapse. Such a view has been a prominent theme in rural history since its bold development by French historian Marc Bloch in the 1930s, and it has a valuable role to play in contemporary anthropology and in the framing of current theory on state collapse. As state societies never collapse completely, nor equally in all their parts, it is the tenacity of rural society for survival that helps explain the restructuring of earlier state-level systems in a post-state setting. The view taken here is that social evolution is not just a “top-down” phenomenon, but also a “bottom-up” development, wherein rural society develops a new means of coping with emerging economic problems after state demise. The specific case examined is the continued construction and use of raised fields in the Lake Titicaca basin after the collapse of the Tiwanaku state. Raised fields, a highly productive technology geared toward high annual yields, continued to be built into the Late Intermediate period of the South Andes. One must ask why such a technology was implemented in the wake of state collapse and urban life. The answer posed here is that raised fields were a means of subsidizing pastoralism in the region of Lake Titicaca, and that post-state economic restructuring, which occurred collectively, voluntarily, and within the context of reciprocal kin relations, was aimed at maintaining camelid wealth.