Giftedness and intelligence: one and the same?
Giftedness and intelligence: one and the same?
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天赋和智力：是一回事吗？
DOI：
10.1002/9780470514498.ch3
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发表时间：
1993
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Detterman,DK
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Detterman,DK
与其他罕见现象一样，天赋通常可以用超出用于解释心理能力正常变化的原理来解释。在放弃简约并援引其他原则之前，应考虑以下五点。 (1) 天才样本的范围通常受到限制，降低了与智力的相关性，并使标准测试对可能存在的关系不敏感。虽然这是一个显而易见的观点，但它经常被忽视。 (2) 认为单一全局能力的智力理论是不充分的。情报最好被视为一个由独立但相互关联的部分组成的复杂系统。衡量标准是对系统功能的全球评级，但全球衡量标准并不能用更基本的认知能力或潜在的大脑功能来解释心理能力。对智力的更基本的解释对于理解天赋至关重要。 (3) 高智力者的智力能力之间的相关性最低。天赋异禀者之间的具体技能相关性不太高。 (4) 认知能力的遗传力在不同智力范围内可能有所不同，尽管关于这一点的证据好坏参半。 (5) 成就和智力是不同的东西。智力和成就之间的差异是由环境造成的。这一发现与天赋的特殊发展是一致的。
Giftedness, like other rare phenomena, is often explained by principles beyond those used to explain the normal variation of mental ability. Before parsimony is abandoned and additional principles are invoked, the following five points should be considered. (1) Gifted samples often have restricted ranges, reducing correlations with intelligence and making standard tests insensitive to relationships that may exist. Though this is an obvious point, it is frequently overlooked. (2) Theories of intelligence that viewgas a single global ability are inadequate. Intelligence is better seen as a complex system of independent but interrelated parts. Measures ofgare global ratings of system functioning, but global measures do not explain mental ability in terms of either more basic cognitive abilities or underlying brain functioning. More basic explanations of intelligence are essential for understanding giftedness. (3) Correlations among intellectual abilities are lowest for persons of high intelligence. Specific skills will be less highly correlated among the gifted. (4) Heritability of cognitive abilities may differ across the intelligence range, though evidence on this point is mixed. (5) Achievement and intelligence are different things. Discrepancies between intelligence and achievement are due to environment. Such a finding is consistent with the idiosyncratic development of giftedness.