Cloud and precipitation properties from ground-based remote-sensing instruments in East Antarctica
Cloud and precipitation properties from ground-based remote-sensing instruments in East Antarctica
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DOI：
10.5194/tc-9-285-2015
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Van Lipzig, N. P. M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gorodetskaya, I. V.;Kneifel, S.;Van Lipzig, N. P. M.
在东南极洲德龙宁毛德地（DML）悬崖区的伊丽莎白公主基地建立了一个新的综合云降水气象观测站。该观测站包括一套地面遥感仪器（云高计、红外线高温计和垂直剖面降水雷达），并结合自动气象站对近地面气象、辐射通量和积雪高度的测量。在本文中，天文台和研究云和降水系统的演变的潜力是由案例研究说明。结果表明，协同使用的一套仪器允许区分冰，含液体的云和降水云，包括一些信息，其垂直范围。此外，风驱动的吹雪事件可以从更深的降水系统中区分出来。云的性质在很大程度上影响地面辐射通量，含液体的云占主导地位的辐射影响。所有测量的统计分析（共14个月，主要是在夏季开始的冬季）表明，这些含液体的云发生在多达20%的多云期间。云的出现表现出强烈的双峰分布，51%的时间是晴天，35%的时间是完全阴天。降雪发生在17%的多云时段，以轻降水为主，降雪量> 1 mm h（-1）水当量（w.e.）的事件很少。2011年发生了三次这样的强降雪事件，导致了异常大的年度表面质量平衡（SMB）。大型堆积事件（> 10 mm w.e.（-1）天）的降水量总是与降雪有关，但同时其他降雪事件并不总是导致累积。在南极洲多年部署降水雷达可以评估降雪对当地SMB的贡献，并将其与其他SMB组件进行比较。在2012年，降雪率为110 +/- 20毫米w.e.。年（-1），其中地面和积雪升华去除23%。考虑到每年测得的SMB为52 +/- 3 mm w.e.，33 +/- 21 mm w.e.的剩余项。年（-1）归因于风驱动的雪侵蚀。总的来说，这套有前途的强大仪器可以更好地了解南极洲的云和降水过程，并可以很容易地部署在其他南极站。
A new comprehensive cloud-precipitation-meteorological observatory has been established at Princess Elisabeth base, located in the escarpment zone of Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica. The observatory consists of a set of ground-based remote-sensing instruments (ceilometer, infrared pyrometer and vertically profiling precipitation radar) combined with automatic weather station measurements of near-surface meteorology, radiative fluxes, and snow height. In this paper, the observatory is presented and the potential for studying the evolution of clouds and precipitating systems is illustrated by case studies. It is shown that the synergetic use of the set of instruments allows for distinguishing ice, liquid-containing clouds and precipitating clouds, including some information on their vertical extent. In addition, wind-driven blowing snow events can be distinguished from deeper precipitating systems. Cloud properties largely affect the surface radiative fluxes, with liquid-containing clouds dominating the radiative impact. A statistical analysis of all measurements (in total 14 months mainly during summer-beginning of winter) indicates that these liquid-containing clouds occur during as much as 20% of the cloudy periods. The cloud occurrence shows a strong bimodal distribution with clear-sky conditions 51% of the time and complete overcast conditions 35% of the time. Snowfall occurred during 17% of the cloudy periods with a predominance of light precipitation and only rare events with snowfall > 1 mm h(-1) water equivalent (w.e.). Three of such intense snowfall events occurred during 2011 contributing to anomalously large annual surface mass balance (SMB). Large accumulation events (> 10 mm w.e. day(-1)) during the radar-measurement period of 26 months were always associated with snowfall, but at the same time other snowfall events did not always lead to accumulation. The multiyear deployment of a precipitation radar in Antarctica allows for assessing the contribution of the snowfall to the local SMB and comparing it to the other SMB components. During 2012, snowfall rate was 110 +/- 20 mm w.e. yr(-1), from which surface and drifting snow sublimation removed together 23 %. Given the measured yearly SMB of 52 +/- 3 mm w.e., the residual term of 33 +/- 21 mm w.e. yr(-1) was attributed to the wind-driven snow erosion. In general, this promising set of robust instrumentation allows for improved insight into cloud and precipitation processes in Antarctica and can be easily deployed at other Antarctic stations.