Criticality of metals and metalloids
Criticality of metals and metalloids
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1500415112
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发表时间：
2015-04-07
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Reck, Barbara K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Graedel, T. E.;Harper, E. M.;Reck, Barbara K.
金属供需之间的不平衡，无论是实际的还是预期的，都激发了金属临界性的概念。我们在此描述了 3D“临界空间”中 62 种金属和类金属的临界性，其中包括供应风险、环境影响和供应限制的脆弱性。导致极端价值的因素包括初级生产的地缘政治高度集中、缺乏可用的合适替代品以及政治不稳定。结果表明，新兴电子产品中许多重要金属（例如镓和硒）的局限性很大程度上与供应风险有关；铂族金属、金和汞对环境的影响；和钢合金元素（例如铬和铌）以及高温合金中使用的元素（例如钨和钼），容易受到供应限制的影响。最受关注的金属往往是那些大部分或完全作为副产品提供的金属，少量用于高度专业化的应用，并且没有有效的替代品。
Imbalances between metal supply and demand, real or anticipated, have inspired the concept of metal criticality. We here characterize the criticality of 62 metals and metalloids in a 3D "criticality space" consisting of supply risk, environmental implications, and vulnerability to supply restriction. Contributing factors that lead to extreme values include high geopolitical concentration of primary production, lack of available suitable substitutes, and political instability. The results show that the limitations for many metals important in emerging electronics (e.g., gallium and selenium) are largely those related to supply risk; those of platinum group metals, gold, and mercury, to environmental implications; and steel alloying elements (e.g., chromium and niobium) as well as elements used in high-temperature alloys (e.g., tungsten and molybdenum), to vulnerability to supply restriction. The metals of most concern tend to be those available largely or entirely as byproducts, used in small quantities for highly specialized applications, and possessing no effective substitutes.