Evolution of attachment structures in the highly diverse Acercaria (Hexapoda)
Evolution of attachment structures in the highly diverse Acercaria (Hexapoda)
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DOI：
10.1111/cla.12030
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发表时间：
2014-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.6
通讯作者：
Beutel, Rolf G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Friedemann, Katrin;Spangenberg, Rico;Beutel, Rolf G.
棘球蚴在腿的不同部位表现出不同寻常的广泛的粘附装置。描述和说明了所有主要子组的连接结构。将小腿远端区域的19个特征与包含不同身体部位的99个附加形态学特征的数据矩阵相结合。进化分析的结果在很大程度上与目前的假设一致。琐翅目不被认为是针虫的近亲。整个谱系的单一性和主要亚群的单翅目、翅目和半翅目被证实。我们的研究结果也支持了该物种的单系性，以及Thysanoptera和半翅目（Condylognatha）之间的姐妹类群关系。与其他昆虫谱系相比，毛型黏附装置只存在于棘虫亚（异翅目，慈虫亚）的一个群体中。伞盖存在于地面平面图中，但在一些类群中（如飞蛾总科、蝉总科、蚜总科）没有。跗骨前绒毛独立进化了几次。跗骨上植肢和不同的特殊夹扣装置在翅目中已经进化，而在这个外寄生群体中，跗骨前附着装置是缺失的。在结构细节上改变鼻翼前附着装置的潜力可能有助于以植食性为主的半翅目昆虫非常成功的多样化。
Acercaria display an unusually broad array of adhesive devices occurring on different parts of the legs. Attachment structures of all major subgroups are described and illustrated. Nineteen characters of the distal leg region were combined with a data matrix containing 99 additional morphological characters of different body parts. The results of the cladistic analysis are largely congruent with current hypotheses. Zoraptera are not retrieved as close relatives of Acercaria. The monophyly of the entire lineage and of the major subgroups Psocodea, Phthiraptera, and Hemiptera is confirmed. Our data also support the monophyly of Auchenorrhycha and a sister-group relationship between Thysanoptera and Hemiptera (Condylognatha). In contrast to other lineages of insects, the hairy type of adhesive device is present only in one group within the Acercaria (Heteroptera, Cimicomorpha). The arolium is present in the groundplan but missing in several groups (e.g. Psocodea, Cicadoidea, Aphidoidea). Pretarsal pulvilli evolved several times independently. Tarsal euplantulae and different specialized clasping devices have evolved within Phthiraptera, whereas pretarsal attachment devices are missing in this ectoparasitic group. The potential to modify pretarsal attachment devices in their structural details has probably contributed to the very successful diversification of the predominantly phytophagous Hemiptera.