Blurring Human-Machine Distinctions: Anthropomorphic Appearance in Social Robots as a Threat to Human Distinctiveness
Blurring Human-Machine Distinctions: Anthropomorphic Appearance in Social Robots as a Threat to Human Distinctiveness
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s12369-016-0338-y
复制
发表时间：
2016-04-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Jetten, Jolanda
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ferrari, Francesco;Paladino, Maria Paola;Jetten, Jolanda
目前的研究旨在更好地了解在社会上引入社交机器人的心理障碍。基于对群体间独特性的社会心理学研究，我们认为对这项技术的关注与我们如何定义和捍卫我们的人类身份有关。提出了对独特性的威胁假说。我们预测，社交机器人和人类之间太多的相似性会引发人们对这项技术对人类的负面影响的担忧，作为一个群体，他们的身份更普遍，因为相似性模糊了类别界限，破坏了人类的独特性。以机器人的外观为重点，我们在两项研究中检验了这一假设的有效性。在这两项研究中，研究人员向参与者展示了三种机器人的照片，这些机器人的拟人化外观各不相同，从与人类不相似（机械机器人）到与人体形状相似（两足类人机器人），再到完美复制人体（机器人）。人们最担心的是机器人对人类的潜在危害，其次是类人机器人，然后是机械机器人。在研究1中，我们进一步证明了机器人的拟人化外观（而不是思想和人性的归因）是机器人可能造成的感知损害的原因。在研究2中，我们通过显示机器人也被认为是对人类-机器人区分最具威胁的，并且这种感知是对人类造成更高感知伤害的原因，对这种影响背后的过程有了更清晰的了解。讨论了这些发现对社交机器人的影响。
The present research aims at gaining a better insight on the psychological barriers to the introduction of social robots in society at large. Based on social psychological research on intergroup distinctiveness, we suggested that concerns toward this technology are related to how we define and defend our human identity. A threat to distinctiveness hypothesis was advanced. We predicted that too much perceived similarity between social robots and humans triggers concerns about the negative impact of this technology on humans, as a group, and their identity more generally because similarity blurs category boundaries, undermining human uniqueness. Focusing on the appearance of robots, in two studies we tested the validity of this hypothesis. In both studies, participants were presented with pictures of three types of robots that differed in their anthropomorphic appearance varying from no resemblance to humans (mechanical robots), to some body shape resemblance (biped humanoids) to a perfect copy of human body (androids). Androids raised the highest concerns for the potential damage to humans, followed by humanoids and then mechanical robots. In Study 1, we further demonstrated that robot anthropomorphic appearance (and not the attribution of mind and human nature) was responsible for the perceived damage that the robot could cause. In Study 2, we gained a clearer insight in the processes underlying this effect by showing that androids were also judged as most threatening to the human-robot distinction and that this perception was responsible for the higher perceived damage to humans. Implications of these findings for social robotics are discussed.