Effccts of war and civil strife on wildlife and wildlife habitats
Effccts of war and civil strife on wildlife and wildlife habitats
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DOI：
10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00306.x
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发表时间：
2002-04-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Campos, LC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dudley, JP;Ginsberg, JR;Campos, LC
历史上，人类战争造成的无人区通常通过限制人类入侵和有争议领土内的人口密度来保护野生动物和栖息地。然而，在发展中国家最近和正在进行的战争中发现的这种现象的例子相对较少。现代战争和内战通常与对野生动物和野生动物栖息地的有害影响有关。大多数引用的当代战区难民的例子是指在功能和地理上与实际战场或受武装国内冲突影响的地区不同的军事安全区。战区避难效应的消失可归因于与军事冲突和暴力内乱有关的规模、强度或技术的现代趋势。弹药和化学制剂对野生动物及其栖息地产生直接和间接的即时和残余影响。冲突地区对野生动物和植被的过度捕捞加剧了对获取自然资源的现有限制，威胁到资源基础和依赖这些资源的当地社区的生计。社会经济研究已经确定了环境退化与暴力内乱之间的因果关系，自然资源的匮乏助长了发展中国家战争和内乱的出现。战争和内乱产生了积极的反馈，加强和放大了生态系统脆弱性、资源可用性和暴力冲突之间的相互作用。当地社区、非政府组织和国际机构之间强有力而灵活的伙伴关系可能是减轻战争对野生动物影响的关键因素，因为它有助于在政治不稳定时期保持保护工作的连续性。
Historically, the no-man's land created by human warfare often protected wildlife and habitats by limiting human incursions and human population densities within disputed territories. Relatively few examples of this phenomenon have been identified in conjunction with recent and ongoing wars in developing countries, however. Modern wars and civil strife are typically associated with detrimental effects on wildlife and wildlife habitats. Most cited instances of contemporary war-zone refuges refer to military security areas that are functionally and geographically distinct from actual battlefields or areas subject to armed civil conflicts. The disappearance of the war-zone refuge effect is attributable to modern trends in the scale, intensity, or technologies associated with military conflicts and violent civil strife. Munitions and chemical agents exert both immediate and residual effects, direct and indirect, on wildlife and habitats. Overharvesting of wildlife and vegetation in conflict zones exacerbates existing constraints on the access to natural resources, threatening both the resource base and the livelihoods of local communities dependent on these resources. Socioeconomic studies have identified causative linkages between environmental degradation and violent civil strife, with the scarcity of natural resources fostering the emergence of war and civil conflicts in developing countries. Wars and civil strife create positive feedback that reinforces and amplifies interactions between and among ecosystem vulnerability, resource availability, and violent conflict. Strong and flexible partnerships between local communities, nongovernmental organizations, and international institutions may be a critical factor in mitigating the effects of war on wildlife by helping to maintain continuity in conservation efforts during periods of political instability.