Looking forward to interacting with their caretakers: dolphins' anticipatory behaviour indicates motivation to participate in specific events
Looking forward to interacting with their caretakers: dolphins' anticipatory behaviour indicates motivation to participate in specific events
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DOI：
10.1016/j.applanim.2018.01.015
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发表时间：
2018-05-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Delfour, Fabienne
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Clegg, Isabella L. K.;Rodel, Heiko G.;Delfour, Fabienne
预期行为描述了为准备即将到来的事件而采取的行动。人工饲养的宽吻海豚（Tursiops truncatus）在喂食前会表现出预期行为，但不知道它们是否会预期非食物事件。此外，没有任何物种的公开信息，关于预期行为的水平是否可以预测动物实际参与以下事件或奖励：回答这个问题将使我们更接近于理解这种行为及其相关的情感状态。在这项研究中，我们使用声音线索条件海豚的玩具在他们的游泳池或积极的人与动物的互动（HAI）与熟悉的教练的到来，并测量他们的预期行为之前，每一个事件。该协议进行了验证，因为海豚执行的玩具和HAI上下文比控制情况下，通过增加频率的表面看和间谍跳跃前的预期行为。此外，我们发现海豚在HAI前比玩具情境表现出更多的预期行为（线性混合模型，1000个排列，所有P < 0.001）。在调查的第二部分中，在玩具供应、HAI和喂养会议之前的较高预期行为与事件本身的较高参与水平显著相关（通过与人/玩具在一起的时间和海豚在喂食期间离开的次数来测量; 1000个排列的LMM分别为：beta = 0.216 +/- 0.100 SE，P = 0.039; β = 0.274 +/- 0.097 SE，P = 0.008; β = -0.169 +/- 0.080 SE，P = 0.045）。我们的研究结果表明，玩具和HAI被认为是有益的事件，我们认为，非食物的人类互动在这些动物的生活中发挥着重要作用。我们还提供了一些第一次的经验证据表明，预期行为是相关的参与水平在以下事件，支持预期行为作为一种措施的动机，并希望这刺激进一步的工作，利用这种行为来评估和改善动物福利。
Anticipatory behaviour describes the actions taken to prepare for an upcoming event. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in captivity are known to display anticipatory behaviours before feeding sessions, but it is unknown whether they would anticipate non-alimentary events. Furthermore, there is no published information available for any species on whether the level of anticipatory behaviour is predictive of an animal's actual participation in the following event or reward: answering this question would bring us closer to understanding this behaviour and its related affective states. In this study, we used sound cues to condition dolphins to the arrival of toys in their pool or a positive Human-Animal Interaction (HAI) with a familiar trainer, and measured their anticipatory behaviour before each event. The protocol was validated since the dolphins performed significantly more anticipatory behaviour before the toys and HAI contexts than a control situation, by means of increased frequencies of surface looking and spy hopping. Furthermore, we found that dolphins showed more anticipatory behaviour before the HAI than the toys context (Linear Mixed Model with 1000 permutations, all P < 0.001). In the second part of the investigation, higher anticipatory behaviour before toy provision, HAIs, and feeding sessions was significantly correlated to higher levels of participation in the event itself (measured by time spent with humans/toys, and number of times dolphins left during feeding sessions; LMM with 1000 permutations, respectively: beta = 0.216 +/- 0.100 SE, P = 0.039; beta = 0.274 +/- 0.097 SE, P = 0.008; beta = -0.169 +/- 0.080 SE, P = 0.045). Our results suggest that toys and HAIs were perceived as rewarding events, and we propose that non-food human interactions play an important role in these animals' lives. We also provide some of the first empirical evidence that anticipatory behaviour is correlated to the level of participation in the following event, supporting anticipatory behaviour as a measure of motivation, and hope that this stimulates further work regarding the use of this behaviour to assess and improve animal welfare.