3D simulations of M star atmosphere velocities and their influence on molecular FeH lines

3D simulations of M star atmosphere velocities and their influence on molecular FeH lines
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M 星大气速度的 3D 模拟及其对分子 FeH 谱线的影响

DOI:
10.1051/0004-6361/200913149
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发表时间:
2009
影响因子:
6.5
通讯作者:
Ludwig
Ludwig
中科院分区:
物理与天体物理2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Reiners;Ludwig

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冷恒星的谱线展宽测量通常是一项困难的任务。为了探测慢速旋转或弱磁场,需要1 km s-1的精度。在这种情况下,对流运动的展宽变得很重要。本文研究了m型恒星早期到晚期流体动力学模型中的速度场,并模拟了它们对$\element[][]{FeH}$分子线形状的影响。M星模型参数范围在有效温度2500k到4000k之间。目的我们的目的是表征速度场的相互依赖关系,并在一维意义上用微观和宏观湍流速度表示它们。我们提出了三维流体动力速度场和一维湍流速度之间的直接比较。速度场强烈影响$\element[][]{FeH}$的线形,我们的目标是给出一个粗略的估计和参数范围,在这个范围内,三维光谱合成是必要的,而一维合成是足够的。我们想要区分对流运动的速度展宽和我们计划测量的m型恒星的旋转或塞曼展宽。对于后者,$\element[][]{FeH}$行是一个重要的指示符。方法为了计算m星结构模型,我们采用了三维辐射流体力学(RHD)代码CO5BOLD。这些模型中的光谱合成使用线合成代码LINFOR3D进行。我们用高斯标准偏差来描述三维速度场,并将它们投射到视线上,以包括几何和肢体暗化效果。微观和宏观湍流速度分别用“生长曲线”法和高斯速度曲线卷积法确定。为了描述$\element[][]{FeH}$线的相关性,我们研究了等效宽度、线宽和线深。结果m型星的速度场与重力有很强的相关性。它们随着减少和增加而变得更强。三维模型的预测速度与一维微观和宏观湍流速度在~100 m s-1范围内一致。$\element[][]{FeH}$行数量系统地依赖于and。结论用一维展宽方法可以很好地再现流体动力速度场对m型星线形的影响。$\element[][]{FeH}$行提供了一种测量m型恒星的方法。由于不同的$\element[][]{FeH}$线都以相似的方式表现,它们提供了旋转和磁加宽的理想测量。
ContextThe measurement of line broadening in cool stars is in general a difficult task. In order to detect slow rotation or weak magnetic fields, an accuracy of 1 km s-1is needed. In this regime the broadening from convective motion becomes important. We present an investigation of the velocity fields in early to late M-type star hydrodynamic models, and we simulate their influence on $\element[][]{FeH}$ molecular line shapes. The M star model parameters range betweenofand effective temperatures from 2500 K to 4000 K.AimsOur aim is to characterize the- and-dependence of the velocity fields and express them in terms of micro- and macro-turbulent velocities in the one dimensional sense. We present a direct comparison between 3D hydrodynamical velocity fields and 1D turbulent velocities. The velocity fields strongly affect the line shapes of $\element[][]{FeH}$, and it is our goal to give a rough estimate of theandparameter range in which 3D spectral synthesis is necessary and where 1D synthesis suffices. We want to distinguish between the velocity-broadening from convective motion and the rotational- or Zeeman-broadening in M-type stars we are planning to measure. For the latter, $\element[][]{FeH}$ lines are an important indicator.MethodsIn order to calculate M-star structure models, we employ the 3D radiative-hydrodynamics (RHD) code CO5BOLD. The spectral synthesis in these models is performed with the line synthesis code LINFOR3D. We describe the 3D velocity fields in terms of a Gaussian standard deviations and project them onto the line of sight to include geometrical and limb-darkening effects. The micro- and macro-turbulent velocities are determined with the “curve of growth” method and convolution with a Gaussian velocity profile, respectively. To characterize theanddependence of $\element[][]{FeH}$ lines, the equivalent width, line width, and line depth are examined.ResultsThe velocity fields in M-stars strongly depend onand. They become stronger with decreasingand increasing. The projected velocities from the 3D models agree within ~100 m s-1with the 1D micro- and macro-turbulent velocities. The $\element[][]{FeH}$ line quantities systematically depend onand.ConclusionsThe influence of hydrodynamic velocity fields on line shapes of M-type stars can well be reproduced with 1D broadening methods. $\element[][]{FeH}$ lines turn out to provide a means to measureandin M-type stars. Since different $\element[][]{FeH}$ lines all behave in a similar manner, they provide an ideal measure for rotational and magnetic broadening.
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