Probabilistic Motor Sequence Yields Greater Offline and Less Online Learning than Fixed Sequence.
Probabilistic Motor Sequence Yields Greater Offline and Less Online Learning than Fixed Sequence.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnhum.2016.00087
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Clark JE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Du Y;Prashad S;Schoenbrun I;Clark JE
众所周知，通过在线学习可以快速学习运动序列。随后，通过离线学习来促进或巩固对电机序列的初始获取。然而，离线学习能否推动运动序列的快速学习(即第一次训练阶段的初始序列学习)却鲜为人知。为了考察快速学习阶段的离线学习，我们要求四组年轻人在有或没有关于序列存在的初步知识(PK)的情况下，用固定的或随机的序列执行连续反应时间(SRT)任务。序列和PK被操纵以强调程序性(概率序列；没有初步知识(NPK))或陈述性(固定序列；有PK)记忆，这些记忆被发现有助于或抑制离线学习。在SRT任务中，有六个学习块，每个连续块之间有2分钟的休息时间。在整个过程中，刺激物遵循相同的固定或概率模式，但在第5区，刺激物以随机顺序出现。我们发现，PK促进了固定序列的学习，而不是概率序列的学习。除了通过平均反应时(RT)衡量整体学习外，我们还检查了块内和块之间RT的渐进性变化(即分别在线和离线学习)。研究发现，在不考虑PK的情况下，执行固定序列的两组人比执行概率序列的另外两组表现出更好的在线学习能力。执行概率序列的小组，无论PK如何，都没有表现出在线学习，这从学习块内的表现下降来表明。然而，他们确实在RT中表现出了显著更大的线下改善，这表明他们正在离线学习概率序列。这些结果表明，在SRT任务中，运动序列的快速习得是由并行的在线和离线学习驱动的。此外，由于与获取固定序列相比，获取概率序列需要更多的程序性记忆，我们的结果表明，脱机学习更有可能发生在程序性序列学习任务中。
It is well acknowledged that motor sequences can be learned quickly through online learning. Subsequently, the initial acquisition of a motor sequence is boosted or consolidated by offline learning. However, little is known whether offline learning can drive the fast learning of motor sequences (i.e., initial sequence learning in the first training session). To examine offline learning in the fast learning stage, we asked four groups of young adults to perform the serial reaction time (SRT) task with either a fixed or probabilistic sequence and with or without preliminary knowledge (PK) of the presence of a sequence. The sequence and PK were manipulated to emphasize either procedural (probabilistic sequence; no preliminary knowledge (NPK)) or declarative (fixed sequence; with PK) memory that were found to either facilitate or inhibit offline learning. In the SRT task, there were six learning blocks with a 2 min break between each consecutive block. Throughout the session, stimuli followed the same fixed or probabilistic pattern except in Block 5, in which stimuli appeared in a random order. We found that PK facilitated the learning of a fixed sequence, but not a probabilistic sequence. In addition to overall learning measured by the mean reaction time (RT), we examined the progressive changes in RT within and between blocks (i.e., online and offline learning, respectively). It was found that the two groups who performed the fixed sequence, regardless of PK, showed greater online learning than the other two groups who performed the probabilistic sequence. The groups who performed the probabilistic sequence, regardless of PK, did not display online learning, as indicated by a decline in performance within the learning blocks. However, they did demonstrate remarkably greater offline improvement in RT, which suggests that they are learning the probabilistic sequence offline. These results suggest that in the SRT task, the fast acquisition of a motor sequence is driven by concurrent online and offline learning. In addition, as the acquisition of a probabilistic sequence requires greater procedural memory compared to the acquisition of a fixed sequence, our results suggest that offline learning is more likely to take place in a procedural sequence learning task.