Ergot Alkaloids of the Family Clavicipitaceae.
Ergot Alkaloids of the Family Clavicipitaceae.
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DOI：
10.1094/phyto-12-16-0435-rvw
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发表时间：
2017-05
期刊：
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Schardl CL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Florea S;Panaccione DG;Schardl CL
麦角生物碱结构多样，对动物有多种作用，由子囊菌门的多种真菌产生，包括植物的病原体和互惠共生体。这些真菌毒素最为人所知的来自真菌科Clavempitaceae，并以麦角真菌命名，数千年来，这种真菌污染谷物并造成大规模中毒，其影响范围从干性坏疽到抽搐和死亡。然而，它们也是用于各种医疗目的的药物的有用来源。半个多世纪的研究给我们带来了关于麦角生物碱生物合成途径的广泛知识，从常见的早期步骤到几个分类单元特有的分支。此外，最近的一系列基因组测序揭示了麦角生物碱多样化背后的基因组过程。在本文中，我们讨论了麦角生物碱生物合成基因和基因簇的进化，包括基因招募、复制和新功能的作用，以及基因丢失在棒状细胞、麦角酸酰胺和复合麦角肽结构多样化中的作用。展望了控制麦角生物碱谱以提高内生菌对牧草的适应性的前景。
Ergot alkaloids are highly diverse in structure, exhibit diverse effects on animals, and are produced by diverse fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, including pathogens and mutualistic symbionts of plants. These mycotoxins are best known from the fungal family Clavicipitaceae and are named for the ergot fungi that, through millennia, have contaminated grains and caused mass poisonings, with effects ranging from dry gangrene to convulsions and death. However, they are also useful sources of pharmaceuticals for a variety of medical purposes. More than a half-century of research has brought us extensive knowledge of ergot-alkaloid biosynthetic pathways from common early steps to several taxon-specific branches. Furthermore, a recent flurry of genome sequencing has revealed the genomic processes underlying ergot-alkaloid diversification. In this review, we discuss the evolution of ergot-alkaloid biosynthesis genes and gene clusters, including roles of gene recruitment, duplication and neofunctionalization, as well as gene loss, in diversifying structures of clavines, lysergic acid amides, and complex ergopeptines. Also reviewed are prospects for manipulating ergot-alkaloid profiles to enhance suitability of endophytes for forage grasses.