Building Ventilation Strategies to Protect Public Health during Chemical Emergencies
Building Ventilation Strategies to Protect Public Health during Chemical Emergencies
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DOI：
10.1080/14733315.2014.11684033
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发表时间：
2014-06
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
James Stewart-Evans
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
James Stewart-Evans
摘要空气中化学品的释放可以迅速影响到大范围的地区，导致暴露，可能对公众健康造成不利影响。在室内避难的策略通常可以成功地保护公众健康，但在某些情况下，它是无效的。本文探讨了通风作为影响避难所有效性的众多因素之一的作用。在化学紧急情况下，通风直接影响室内暴露，理论事件和通风情景被用来说明空气交换率和化学剂量-反应特性如何决定室内剂量和对健康的影响。对于有害健康影响的可能性由暴露浓度(峰值暴露)驱动的化学品，短期遮蔽可以是一种有效的保护措施，因为室外空气与室内空气的混合稀释会降低室内的最大浓度。在户外危险到来之前尽量减少通风是很重要的。在通过后延迟最大限度地通风不太可能造成额外的伤害，因为大多数保护措施已经产生于危险在室外传播期间室内暴露浓度较低的情况。对于有害健康影响的可能性由时间和浓度(累积暴露)驱动的化学品，包括那些呈现线性剂量-反应关系的化学品，对人们来说，特别重要的是，在户外危险到来之前迅速减少通风，在危险过去后立即最大限度地增加通风，以便将累积暴露降至最低。大多数英国住宅物业都是自然通风的，但在比以前更密闭的新建物业中，使用机械通风的趋势越来越大。这类系统的安装、维护和使用需要考虑许多问题。通风过滤器提供额外保护的潜力值得进一步关注。
Abstract Releases of airborne chemicals can rapidly affect wide areas, leading to exposures that may adversely affect public health. A strategy of sheltering indoors has often successfully protected public health, but in some cases it has been ineffective. This paper explores the role of ventilation as one of a number of factors that affect shelter effectiveness. Ventilation directly influences indoor exposure during chemical emergencies, and theoretical incident and ventilation scenarios are used to show how air exchange rates and chemical dose-response characteristics determine indoor dose and effects on health. For chemicals for which the likelihood of adverse health effects is driven by exposure concentration (peak exposure), sheltering in place for short periods can be an effective protective measure, because the dilution of outdoor air mixing with indoor air reduces the maximum concentration indoors. It is important to minimise ventilation before an outdoor hazard arrives. Delays in maximising ventilation after it has passed are less likely to cause extra harm, since most protection has already resulted from the lower peak exposure concentration indoors during the hazard’s passage outdoors. For chemicals for which the likelihood of adverse health effects is driven by both time and concentration (cumulative exposure), which include those that exhibit a linear dose-response relationship, it is particularly important for people to both promptly minimise ventilation before an outdoor hazard arrives and maximise ventilation after it has passed, in order to minimise their cumulative exposure. Most UK residential properties are naturally ventilated, but there is an increasing trend towards the use of mechanical ventilation in new-build properties that are more airtight than their predecessors. The installation, maintenance and use of such systems pose a number of considerations. The potential for ventilation filters to offer additional protection is worthy of further attention.