MASS-COMMUNICATION AND PARA-SOCIAL INTERACTION - OBSERVATIONS ON INTIMACY AT A DISTANCE
MASS-COMMUNICATION AND PARA-SOCIAL INTERACTION - OBSERVATIONS ON INTIMACY AT A DISTANCE
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DOI：
10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049
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发表时间：
1956-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
WOHL, RR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
HORTON, D;WOHL, RR
新的大众媒体--广播、电视和电影--的一个显著特点是，它们给人一种与表演者面对面的关系的错觉。对表演者的反应条件类似于初级组的反应条件。最遥远、最显赫的人会遇到，就像他们在同龄人的圈子里一样；故事中的一个人物也是如此，他以一种特别生动和引人注目的方式在这些媒体上变得生动起来。我们建议将这种看似面对面的观众和表演者之间的关系称为准社会关系。特别是在电视中，呈现的图像提供了外表和手势的细微差别，普通的社会知觉注意到了这些细微差别，互动也受到了提示。有时，“演员”--无论他是在扮演自己，还是在扮演虚构的角色--都会被视为与他人接触；但他经常面对观众，使用直接交谈的方式，说话时就像是在私下和个人交谈。就观众而言，他们的反应不仅仅是连续的观察；可以说，它微妙地暗示着节目的行动和内部社会关系，并通过这种舞台，模棱两可地转变为轮流观察和参与节目的群体。表演者似乎越根据观众的假设反应来调整他的表演，观众就越倾向于做出预期的反应。这种对话式的给予和索取的模拟可以被称为准社交互动--
ONE OF THE STRIKING CHARACTERISTICS of the new mass media-radio, television, and the movies-is that they give the illusion of face-to-face relationship with the performer. The conditions of response to the performer are analogous to those in a primary group. The most remote and illustrious men are met as if they were in the circle of one's peers; the same is true of a character in a story who comes to life in these media in an especially vivid and arresting way. We propose to call this seeming face-to-face relationship between spectator and performer a para-social relationship.In television, especially, the image which is presented makes available nuances of appearance and gesture to which ordinary social perception is attentive and to which interaction is cued. Sometimes the'actor'-whether he is playing himself or performing in a fictional roleis seen engaged with others; but often he faces the spectator, uses the mode of direct address, talks as if he were conversing personally and privately. The audience, for its part, responds with something more than mere running observation; it is, as it were, subtly insinuated into the program's action and internal social relationships and, by dint of this kind of staging, is ambiguously transformed into a group which observes and participates in the show by turns. The more the performer seems to adjust his performance to the supposed response of the audience, the more the audience tends to make the response anticipated. This simulacrum of conversational give and take may be called para-social inter-