Global Amphibian Declines, Disease, and the Ongoing Battle between Batrachochytrium Fungi and the Immune System
Global Amphibian Declines, Disease, and the Ongoing Battle between Batrachochytrium Fungi and the Immune System
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DOI：
10.1655/0018-0831-76.2.178
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发表时间：
2020-06
期刊：
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
L. Rollins‐Smith
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Rollins‐Smith
摘要自认识到全球两栖动物数量减少的危机以来，近30年来，人们对其可能的原因了解了很多。其中最主要的原因是几种两栖动物疾病，其中包括一种被称为壶菌病的疾病，该疾病由壶菌真菌Batrachochytrium endrobatidis(Bd)和Batrachochytrium salamandrivans(Bsal)引起。在这里，我简要回顾了两栖动物免疫的基本原理，两栖动物对壶菌的免疫防御，以及宿主与病原体的相互作用，这些相互作用往往有利于病原体而损害宿主。由于两栖动物是温带动物，气候和温度对两栖动物的免疫力有很大影响。因此，我讨论了有关温度和不可预测的天气事件在疾病和免疫反应中可能扮演的角色的最新信息。由于许多关于两栖动物减少的研究都是为了寻找管理解决方案来保护受威胁的两栖动物，我最后提请人们注意一些最有希望和最新颖的缓解策略正在被提出。
Abstract In the approximately 30 years since the recognition of the crisis of global amphibian declines, much has been learned about the likely causes. Among the leading causes are several amphibian diseases including the disease termed chytridiomycosis caused by the chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Here, I briefly review the fundamentals of amphibian immunity, amphibian immune defenses against the chytrid fungi, and the host–pathogen interactions that often favor the pathogen to the detriment of the host. Because amphibians are ectotherms, climate and temperature have a major impact on the amphibian immunity. Thus, I discuss current information about the role that temperature and unpredictable weather events may play in disease and immune responses to the chytrids. Because much research on amphibian declines is directed toward finding management solutions to protect threatened amphibians, I conclude by drawing attention to some of the most promising and novel mitigation strategies that are being proposed.