The Effects of Combined Ocean Acidification and Nanoplastic Exposures on the Embryonic Development of Antarctic Krill
The Effects of Combined Ocean Acidification and Nanoplastic Exposures on the Embryonic Development of Antarctic Krill
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DOI：
10.3389/fmars.2021.709763
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发表时间：
2021-08
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Emily Rowlands;T. Galloway;M. Cole;C. Lewis;V. Peck;S. Thorpe;C. Manno
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Emily Rowlands;T. Galloway;M. Cole;C. Lewis;V. Peck;S. Thorpe;C. Manno
在水生环境中，塑料污染伴随着海洋酸化等人为气候压力因素。在南大洋，南极磷虾（Euphausia Superba）支持许多海洋掠食者，并在地球化学循环中发挥关键作用。海洋酸化和塑料污染已被公认为阻碍南极磷虾的发育和生理学，但塑料颗粒与海洋酸化相结合的潜在多重压力源效应尚未被探索。此外，南极磷虾可能特别容易受到塑料污染的影响，因为它们与海冰（一种已知的塑料水槽）密切相关。在这里，我们研究了纳米塑料[球形，胺化（NH 2）和黄绿色荧光聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒]在南极海水中的行为，并探索了纳米塑料（160 nm半径，浓度为2.5 μg ml-1）和海洋酸化（pCO 2 ≥ 900，pHT 7.7）对南极磷虾胚胎发育的单一和综合影响。在南大洋（北斯科舍海）的大西洋部分采集妊娠雌性磷虾。在0.5 °C下以四种处理（对照、纳米塑料、海洋酸化和纳米塑料存在的多应激源情景以及海洋酸化）孵育所产生的卵，并在孵育终点确定6天后的胚胎发育。我们观察到，悬浮在来自斯科舍海的海水中的带负电荷的纳米塑料颗粒在24小时后聚集到超过纳米级的尺寸（1054.13 ± 53.49 nm）。此外，我们发现，胚胎发育通过早期阶段，至少达到肢芽期的比例在对照处理中最高（21.84%），在多应激处理中最低（13.17%）。由于任何压力源的生物阈值都可能因额外压力源的存在而改变，我们建议未来的纳米塑料生态毒理学研究应考虑未来气候情景下不断变化的全球海洋，以评估其影响，并强调确定纳米塑料颗粒的行为用于孵化研究对于确定其毒性至关重要。
In aquatic environments, plastic pollution occurs concomitantly with anthropogenic climate stressors such as ocean acidification. Within the Southern Ocean, Antarctic krill (Euphausia Superba) support many marine predators and play a key role in the biogeochemical cycle. Ocean acidification and plastic pollution have been acknowledged to hinder Antarctic krill development and physiology in singularity, however potential multi-stressor effects of plastic particulates coupled with ocean acidification are unexplored. Furthermore, Antarctic krill may be especially vulnerable to plastic pollution due to their close association with sea-ice, a known plastic sink. Here, we investigate the behaviour of nanoplastic [spherical, aminated (NH2), and yellow-green fluorescent polystyrene nanoparticles] in Antarctic seawater and explore the single and combined effects of nanoplastic (160 nm radius, at a concentration of 2.5 μg ml–1) and ocean acidification (pCO2 ∼900, pHT 7.7) on the embryonic development of Antarctic krill. Gravid female krill were collected in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (North Scotia Sea). Produced eggs were incubated at 0.5 °C in four treatments (control, nanoplastic, ocean acidification and the multi-stressor scenario of nanoplastic presence, and ocean acidification) and their embryonic development after 6 days, at the incubation endpoint, was determined. We observed that negatively charged nanoplastic particles suspended in seawater from the Scotia Sea aggregated to sizes exceeding the nanoscale after 24 h (1054.13 ± 53.49 nm). Further, we found that the proportion of embryos developing through the early stages to reach at least the limb bud stage was highest in the control treatment (21.84%) and lowest in the multi-stressor treatment (13.17%). Since the biological thresholds to any stressors can be altered by the presence of additional stressors, we propose that future nanoplastic ecotoxicology studies should consider the changing global ocean under future climate scenarios for assessments of their impact and highlight that determining the behaviour of nanoplastic particles used in incubation studies is critical to determining their toxicity.