Elevated blood lead levels in a riverside population in the Brazilian Amazon
Elevated blood lead levels in a riverside population in the Brazilian Amazon
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2009.03.005
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发表时间：
2009-07-01
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Mergler, Donna
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Barbosa, Fernando, Jr.;Fillion, Myriam;Mergler, Donna
铅（Pb）是公认的毒性最大的金属之一。铅暴露的来源已被广泛记录在北美，并从汽油中的铅添加剂的去除反映在血液铅浓度显着降低。在拉丁美洲，从汽油中去除铅导致接触减少，但由于职业和环境接触源，许多地区的铅水平仍然很高。虽然已经确定了许多铅的来源（采矿、工业、电池回收、含铅油漆、陶瓷），但偶尔会出现新的来源。在这里，我们报告的血液铅（B-Pb）水平在偏远的巴西亚马逊河滨江社区。测定了来自巴西帕尔市下塔帕霍斯河流域12个村庄448人的血铅（B-Pb）水平。社会人口学和饮食信息，以及职业，居住和病史收集使用访谈管理的问卷。通过ICP-MS测量的B-Pb显示浓度升高。平均B-Pb为13.1 μ g/dL +/- 8.5，中位B-Pb为11.2 μ g/dL，范围为0.59 - 48.3 μ g/dL。与女性相比，男性的B-Pb更高（中位数：分别为15.3 μ g/dL和7.9 μ g/dL）。女性B-Pb随年龄增长而增加，男性B-Pb随年龄增长而降低。对于两个性别，B-Pb下降与教育。村与村之间存在明显差异。探索性分析，使用线性分区模型，表明，对于男性的B-Pb是较低的那些参与养牛，和较高的那些谁狩猎，养殖和捕鱼。硼铅的分布情况使我们转向手工将木薯转化为面粉（farinha），这需要在一个大金属锅中加热，主要由年轻人搅拌。在最高的B-Pb的村庄，从6个房子的木薯（改造前）和farinha（改造后）的铅浓度（干重）的分析显示，铅浓度增加了10倍（平均值：0.017 +/- 0.016至0.19 +/- 0.10微克/克）。这一点在其中一个村庄得到了证实，我们在那里对木薯糊（在烘烤前）和烤粉（0.05微克/克对0.20微克/克）进行了采样。虽然可能还有其他来源（弹药、渔网坠），但主食法里尼亚中的高浓度无疑做出了重要贡献。需要采取进一步行动减少该地区的铅来源。(C)2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Lead (Pb) is recognized as one of the most toxic metals. Sources of Pb exposure have been widely documented in North America, and the removal of Pb additives from gasoline was reflected in a dramatic lowering of blood Pb concentration. In Latin America, the removal of Pb from gasoline resulted in decreased exposure, but Pb levels in many areas remain high due to occupational and environmental sources of exposure. While many of the Pb sources have been identified (mining, industries, battery recycling, lead-based paint, ceramics), new ones occasionally crop up. Here we report on blood Pb (B-Pb) levels in remote riverside communities of the Brazilian Amazon. Blood Pb (B-Pb) levels were determined in 448 persons from 12 villages of the Lower Tapajos River Basin, Par, Brazil. Socio-demographic and dietary information, as well as occupational, residential and medical history was collected using an interview-administered questionnaire. B-Pb, measured by ICP-MS, showed elevated concentrations. Mean B-Pb was 13.1 mu g/dL +/- 8.5, median B-Pb was 11.2 mu g/dL and ranged from 0.59 to 48.3 mu g/dL. Men had higher B-Pb compared to women (median: 15.3 mu g/dL vs 7.9 mu g/dL respectively). B-Pb increased with age for women, while it decreased for men. For both genders, B-Pb decreased with education. There were significant differences between villages. Exploratory analyses, using linear partition models, showed that for men B-Pb was lower among those who were involved in cattle-raising, and higher among those who hunted, farmed and fished. The distribution profile of B-Pb directed us towards artisanal transformation of manioc to flour (farinha), which requires heating in a large metal pan, with stirring primarily done by young men. In the village with the highest B-Pb, analysis of Pb concentrations (dry weight) of manioc (prior to transformation) and farinha (following transformation) from 6 houses showed a tenfold increase in Pb concentration (mean: 0.017 +/- 0.016 to 0.19 +/- 0.10 mu g/g). This was confirmed in one of these villages where we sampled manioc paste Oust before roasting) and the roasted farinha (0.05 mu g/g vs 0.20 mu g/g). While there may be other sources (ammunition, sinkers for fishing nets), the high concentrations in farinha, a dietary staple, assuredly makes an important contribution. Further action needs to reduce Pb sources in this region. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.