Climatic and hydrologic controls on upper Paleozoic bauxite deposits in South China
Climatic and hydrologic controls on upper Paleozoic bauxite deposits in South China
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华南上古生界铝土矿矿床的气候和水文控制
DOI：
10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.06.014
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发表时间：
2019-02
影响因子：
12.1
通讯作者：
X Huang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W C YU;T J Algeo;J X Yan;J H Yang;Y S Du;X Huang
晚古生代是一个重大的构造和气候变化的时期，包括超大陆盘古大陆的形成和大约60万年长的晚古生代冰期（LPIA）。尽管从石炭纪到二叠纪，全球铝土矿的形成随着全球变冷而减少，但在中国，这是一个广泛的铝土矿形成时期。在华南地区，（1）贵州中部和北方的九甲路组铝土矿（2）贵州北方大竹园组铝土矿（吴川-正安-道真地区）至重庆南部（南川地区）和黔东南（3）桂西-滇西合山组铝土矿的时代为中晚二叠世。华北地区本溪组铝土矿时代为晚密西西比-中宾夕法尼亚。中国与世界其他地区铝土矿成矿作用的对比趋势意味着东特提斯（年高湿度，季节干燥）和泛大陆（干旱化）的气候模式不同。这一假设得到了蚀变化学指数（CIA）（东特提斯>80，西盘古约50）和古温度（年平均温度，东特提斯约20 °C，西盘古约4 °C）差异的进一步支持，这些差异来自于石炭纪-二叠纪硅质沉积物。华南石炭-二叠纪铝土矿形成于滨海平原和滨海岩溶洼地环境，地下水位的位置与海平面的变化有关。在晚古生代期间，冈瓦纳冰盖的消长引起的高频海平面波动控制了这些沿海沉积体系的沉积作用，导致煤和铝土矿矿床的循环堆积以及渗流型和潜水型铝土矿形成的循环。本研究的结果表明，在间冰期阶段，红土化导致高pCO 2，高海平面和地下水位的海拔，低降水量，和有限的植被覆盖，而在冰期阶段，铝土矿化的这些铁铝石风化产物促进低pCO 2，低海平面和地下水位的海拔，高降水量，更广泛的植被覆盖。因此，一个独特的地理，气候和海平面变化因素的组合占广泛形成的铝土矿在华南地区在LPIA。
The late Paleozoic Era was an interval of major tectonic and climatic changes, including formation of the supercontinent Pangea and the ~60-Myr-long Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA). Although bauxite formation declined globally from the Carboniferous to the Permian in conjunction with global cooling, it was an interval of widespread bauxite formation in China. In South China, (1) the Jiujialu Formation bauxite deposits in central and northern Guizhou (Zunyi area) are of early-middle Visean age; (2) the Dazhuyaun Formation bauxite deposits in northern Guizhou (Wuchuan–Zheng'an–Daozheng area) to southern Chongqing (Nanchuan area) and southeastern Guizhou (Fuquan–Kaili area) are of Late Pennsylvanian–Early Permian age; and (3) the Heshan Formation bauxite deposits in western Guangxi to Yunnan are of Middle–Late Permian age. In North China, the Benxi Formation bauxite deposits are of Late Mississippian–Middle Pennsylvanian age. The contrasting trends in bauxite metallogenesis between China and the rest of the world imply different climatic patterns in the eastern Tethys (high annual humidity with seasonal dryness) and Pangea (aridification). This hypothesis is further supported by differences in the chemical index of alteration, or CIA (>80 in the eastern Tethys vs. ~50 in western Pangea), and in paleotemperatures (mean annual temperature, or MAT = ~20 °C in the eastern Tethys vs. ~4 °C in western Pangea) determined from Permo-Carboniferous siliciclastic deposits. Permo-Carboniferous bauxite deposits in South China formed in coastal plain and coastal karstic depression environments, in which the position of the groundwater table was related to sea-level changes. During the late Paleozoic, high-frequency eustatic fluctuations caused by waxing and waning of Gondwana icesheets controlled sedimentation in these coastal depositional systems, leading to cyclic accumulation of coal and bauxite deposits and cycles of vadose- and phreatic-type bauxite formation. The results of the present study show that, during interglacial stages, lateritization resulted from highpCO2, high sea-level and groundwater-table elevations, low precipitation, and limited vegetation cover, whereas during glacial stages, bauxitization of these ferralitic weathering products was promoted by lowpCO2, low sea-level and groundwater-table elevations, high precipitation, and more extensive vegetation cover. Thus, a unique combination of geographic, climatic, and eustatic factors accounted for widespread formation of bauxite in South China during the LPIA.
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