Adenosine, Caffeine, and Performance: From Cognitive Neuroscience of Sleep to Sleep Pharmacogenetics
Adenosine, Caffeine, and Performance: From Cognitive Neuroscience of Sleep to Sleep Pharmacogenetics
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DOI：
10.1007/7854_2014_274
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Landolt, Hans-Peter
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文献类型：
--
作者：
Urry, Emily;Landolt, Hans-Peter
昼夜节律和睡眠-觉醒稳态过程之间复杂的相互作用调节特定任务的认知表现，昼夜节律偏好和睡眠压力的个体差异可能导致不同神经认知功能的个体差异。注意力表现似乎是特别敏感的一天的时间调制和睡眠剥夺的影响。与神经调节剂腺苷在调节睡眠压力中起重要作用的观点一致，动物和人类的药理学和遗传学数据表明，腺苷能张力的差异影响睡眠，唤醒和警惕注意力在休息和睡眠剥夺状态。咖啡因--世界上最常被消耗的兴奋剂--阻断腺苷受体，并通常减弱睡眠剥夺对觉醒、警觉和注意力的影响。然而，咖啡因不能代替睡眠，而且在减轻严重睡眠不足对高级认知功能的影响方面几乎无效。因此，现有的证据表明，腺苷能机制，特别是腺苷A2 A受体介导的信号转导，有助于唤醒引起的注意力过程的损伤，而其他机制必须参与睡眠剥夺的高阶认知后果。未来的研究应该进一步阐明不适当睡眠影响的认知过程的确切类型。这项研究将有助于更好地了解不同大脑系统的作用（例如，腺苷和腺苷受体）在调节睡眠、睡眠相关的主观状态和认知过程中的作用。此外，它将提供更多关于延长觉醒的有害影响的潜在机制的细节，并导致针对昼夜节律失调和慢性睡眠限制的健康后果的有效的，基于证据的对策的发展。
An intricate interplay between circadian and sleep-wake homeostatic processes regulate cognitive performance on specific tasks, and individual differences in circadian preference and sleep pressure may contribute to individual differences in distinct neurocognitive functions. Attentional performance appears to be particularly sensitive to time of day modulations and the effects of sleep deprivation. Consistent with the notion that the neuromodulator, adenosine, plays an important role in regulating sleep pressure, pharmacologic and genetic data in animals and humans demonstrate that differences in adenosinergic tone affect sleepiness, arousal and vigilant attention in rested and sleep-deprived states. Caffeine-the most often consumed stimulant in the world-blocks adenosine receptors and normally attenuates the consequences of sleep deprivation on arousal, vigilance, and attention. Nevertheless, caffeine cannot substitute for sleep, and is virtually ineffective in mitigating the impact of severe sleep loss on higherorder cognitive functions. Thus, the available evidence suggests that adenosinergic mechanisms, in particular adenosine A2A receptor-mediated signal transduction, contribute to waking-induced impairments of attentional processes, whereas additional mechanisms must be involved in higher-order cognitive consequences of sleep deprivation. Future investigations should further clarify the exact types of cognitive processes affected by inappropriate sleep. This research will aid in the quest to better understand the role of different brain systems (e.g., adenosine and adenosine receptors) in regulating sleep, and sleep-related subjective state, and cognitive processes. Furthermore, it will provide more detail on the underlying mechanisms of the detrimental effects of extended wakefulness, as well as lead to the development of effective, evidence-based countermeasures against the health consequences of circadian misalignment and chronic sleep restriction.