This paper was presented at a colloquium entitled ‘ ‘ Vision : From Photon to Perception , ’ ’ organized by
This paper was presented at a colloquium entitled ‘ ‘ Vision : From Photon to Perception , ’ ’ organized by
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发表时间：
1998
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通讯作者：
John Dowling;L. Stryer;Torsten Wiesel
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作者：
John Dowling;L. Stryer;Torsten Wiesel
人类的色觉始于三种视锥光感受器类型的信号，对长（L-视锥），中（M-视锥）和短（S-视锥）波长最敏感。在视网膜内，这些信号联合收割机以对抗的方式组合，形成红-绿和蓝-黄光谱对抗通路。在经典模型中，这种拮抗作用被认为是由视锥类型特异性兴奋性和抑制性输入到视网膜神经节细胞的会聚引起的。目前正在使用猕猴视网膜的体外制备来研究光谱双折射的电路。细胞内记录和染色表明，蓝ONyyellow-OFF对手的反应来自一个独特的双层神经节细胞类型。令人惊讶的是，这种视锥双极性似乎是由双兴奋性视锥双极细胞输入引起的：一个只接触S-视锥的ON双极细胞和一个接触Land M-视锥的OFF双极细胞。红-绿光谱双折射长期以来一直与侏儒神经节细胞有关，但其潜在机制仍不清楚。例如，感受野映射主张将Land M-视锥信号分离到侏儒细胞中心和周围，但是水平细胞中间神经元，被认为产生抑制性周围，缺乏顺应性并且不能将选择性Lor M-视锥输入贡献到侏儒细胞周围。这个颜色之谜的答案无疑在于灵长类动物视网膜中细胞类型的巨大多样性，这些细胞类型仍有待发现，
Human color vision starts with the signals from three cone photoreceptor types, maximally sensitive to long (L-cone), middle (M-cone), and short (S-cone) wavelengths. Within the retina these signals combine in an antagonistic way to form red–green and blue–yellow spectral opponent pathways. In the classical model this antagonism is thought to arise from the convergence of cone type-specific excitatory and inhibitory inputs to retinal ganglion cells. The circuitry for spectral opponency is now being investigated using an in vitro preparation of the macaque monkey retina. Intracellular recording and staining has shown that blueONyyellow-OFF opponent responses arise from a distinctive bistratified ganglion cell type. Surprisingly, this cone opponency appears to arise by dual excitatory cone bipolar cell inputs: an ON bipolar cell that contacts only S-cones and an OFF bipolar cell that contacts Land M-cones. Red–green spectral opponency has long been linked to the midget ganglion cells, but an underlying mechanism remains unclear. For example, receptive field mapping argues for segregation of Land M-cone signals to the midget cell center and surround, but horizontal cell interneurons, believed to generate the inhibitory surround, lack opponency and cannot contribute selective Lor M-cone input to the midget cell surround. The solution to this color puzzle no doubt lies in the great diversity of cell types in the primate retina that still await discovery and