Neural Circuits Catch Fire.
Neural Circuits Catch Fire.
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神经回路着火。
DOI：
10.1007/s13311-016-0428-4
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Willis,DiannaE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Carmel,JasonB;Willis,DiannaE
电路构成了神经系统的功能架构，识别神经电路就是揭示其接线图。近年来，实现这一目标的进展加速，这主要归功于成像、生理学和电路建模方面的技术进步。解开大脑回路不仅成为神经科学的目标，也成为整个社会的目标。在美国，通过推进创新神经技术 (BRAIN) 计划进行的大脑研究旨在利用新技术来了解单个细胞和复杂的神经回路如何在时间和空间上相互作用^[1]。欧洲（人脑计划）和日本（Brain/MINDS）的类似计划试图让我们更进一步了解神经系统的结构和功能。本期《神经治疗学》的目标是展示如何操纵神经回路来治疗神经系统疾病或损伤。最终目标是利用这些大型神经科学举措中对回路的新理解来恢复神经功能。什么是神经回路？最简单的形式是，神经回路是一个神经元及其与另一个神经元的连接。通常，这种情况发生在群体中，其中一个细胞核或一组神经元通过轴突连接到另一组神经元；然而，其他类型的连接（例如间隙连接）甚至细胞类型（例如星形胶质细胞）都可以参与神经回路。本期讨论的疗法的定义是它们针对这个功能单位。在某些情况下，治疗针对的是因受伤或疾病而受到干扰的连接。其他人则以完整的神经连接为目标，以吸收受损电路失去的功能。这种方法隐含的想法是，各个电路一起发挥作用，创建一个可以被操纵以适应伤害或疾病的网络。当网络的一个或多个节点受到干扰时，网络内的功能可能会发生变化。人们如何针对神经回路进行攻击？我们将此问题分为 4 个总体策略。第一部分描述电刺激的应用。刺激利用神经回路的基本特征（神经回路对电信号的依赖）来操纵它们。这是目前临床实践中的策略；电刺激已经给帕金森病和其他运动障碍以及其他神经和精神疾病患者带来了巨大的好处。开发中的第二个策略是使用遗传工具来修改电路。通过插入可以增加或减少神经元兴奋性的基因，可以增强或抑制回路的功能。三、促进轴突
Circuits comprise the functional architecture of the nervous system, and to identify neural circuits is to uncover its wiring diagram. Progress toward this goal has accelerated in recent years, largely owing to technical advances in imaging, physiology, and circuit modeling. Unraveling brain circuitry has become a goal not just of neuroscience, but also of society at large. In the USA, the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative seeks to use new technologies to understand Bhow individual cells and complex neural circuits interact in both time and space^[1]. Similar programs in Europe (Human Brain Project) and Japan (Brain/MINDS) attempt to bring us closer to understanding the structure and function of the nervous system. The goal of this issue of Neurotherapeutics is to demonstrate how neural circuits can be manipulated for therapy of nervous system disease or injury. The ultimate goal is to use new understanding about circuits derived from these large neuroscience initiatives to restore neurological function. What is a neural circuit? In its simplest form, a neural circuit is a neuron and its connection to another neuron. Normally, this occurs in groups, with a nucleus, or collection of neurons, being connected by axons to another group of neurons; however, alternative kinds of connections (eg, gap junctions) and even cell types (eg, astrocytes) can participate in neural circuits. What defines the therapies discussed in this issue is that they are directed toward this functional unit. In some cases therapies are directed at connections that are perturbed by injury or disease. Others target intact neural connections in order to subsume the lost function of a damaged circuit. Implicit in this approach is the idea that individual circuits function together to create a network that can be manipulated to adapt to injury or disease. When one or more nodes of the network are perturbed, functions can shift within the network.How might one target a neural circuit? We have divided this issue into 4 general strategies. The first section describes applications of electrical stimulation. Stimulation uses a fundamental characteristic of neural circuits, their dependence on electrical signals, to manipulate them. This is a strategy currently in clinical practice; electrical stimulation has already produced large-scale benefits to people with Parkinson’s disease and other movement disorders, as well as other neurological and psychiatric diseases. A second strategy in development is the use of genetic tools to modify circuits. By inserting a gene that can increase or decrease the excitability of neurons, the function of a circuit can be augmented or depressed. Third, promoting axon