Major Incidents, Pandemics and Mental Health - The Psychosocial Aspects of Health Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters and Disease Outbreaks
Major Incidents, Pandemics and Mental Health - The Psychosocial Aspects of Health Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters and Disease Outbreaks
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重大事件、流行病和心理健康 - 突发卫生事件、事件、灾难和疾病爆发的心理社会方面
DOI：
10.1017/9781009019330.024
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发表时间：
2024
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Cocking C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Cocking C
对灾难期间公众行为的研究可以追溯到50多年前[1，2]，自2001年9月11日美国发生恐怖袭击以来，人们对恐怖袭击的兴趣越来越大。这些事件的证据表明，与关于人群行为非理性的普遍观点相反，大规模恐慌是一个没有详细证据支持的神话（更多信息见第8章）[3]。例如，虽然第二次世界大战的空中轰炸造成了严重的破坏和破坏，但受影响的平民人口仍然具有很强的适应能力，当局担心更广泛的社会结构在这些袭击面前崩溃，这种担心很少有理由[4]。然而，尽管缺乏大规模恐慌的证据，但应急计划指南往往受到需要管理大规模紧急情况中普遍存在的“非理性”行为的恐惧的影响[5]。社会心理学已被应用于研究恐怖袭击，并确定公众反应背后的机制，以及解释人们行为背后的过程[6]。它通过社会身份、社会规范和社会影响以及集体行为的概念来探索个人和群体之间的关系，所有这些都发生在恐怖袭击中。社会心理学方法还强调共同的身份和社会规范如何产生社会影响和相互的社会支持，以加强对此类事件的有效反应。此外，由于恐怖主义袭击是有多个行为者和社会团体参与的集体事件，因此必须超越侧重于个人行为的叙述，还应了解人们在群体中的集体行为。
Studies of public behaviour during disasters stretch back over 50 years [1, 2], with an increased interest in terrorist attacks since the attacks on September 11, 2001, in the USA. Evidence from these incidents shows that, contrary to common views about the irrationality of crowd behaviour, mass panic is a myth that is not supported by detailed evidence of what happens (see Chapter 8 for more information)[3]. For instance, although there was significant disruption and destruction from the aerial bombing campaigns of the Second World War, the civilian populations affected were nonetheless remarkably resilient, and the authorities’ fears of a breakdown of the wider societal fabric in the face of these attacks were rarely justified [4]. However, despite the lack of evidence for mass panic, emergency planning guidelines are often influenced by the fear of needing to manage widespread ‘irrational’behaviour in mass emergencies [5]. Social psychology has been applied to studying terrorist attacks and identifies the mechanisms behind public responses, as well as explaining the processes behind people’s behaviour [6]. It does this by exploring the relationship between individuals and groups through the concepts of social identities, social norms and social influence, and collective behaviour–all of which occur during terrorist attacks. Social psychological approaches also emphasise how shared identities and social norms produce social influence and mutual social support to enhance effective responses to such incidents. Furthermore, because terrorist attacks are collective events with multiple actors and social groups, it is important to go beyond accounts that focus on an individual person’s behaviour and understand also how people behave collectively in groups.