Use of the Gram stain in microbiology
Use of the Gram stain in microbiology
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DOI：
10.1080/bih.76.3.111.118
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发表时间：
2001-05-01
影响因子：
1.6
通讯作者：
Beveridge, TJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Beveridge, TJ
革兰氏染色将细菌区分为两种基本的细胞。保留最初结晶紫染色（紫色）的细菌被称为“革兰氏阳性”，而那些被脱色并被石炭酸品红（或番红）染成红色的细菌被称为“革兰氏阴性”。“这种染色反应是基于两种细菌细胞壁的化学和结构组成。革兰氏阳性菌有一个厚的，相对不渗透的壁，抵抗脱色，是由肽聚糖和二级聚合物。革兰氏阴性菌有一个薄的肽聚糖层加上一个覆盖在上面的脂质-蛋白质双层，称为外膜，它可以被脱色破坏。一些细菌具有中间结构的壁，尽管它们因其谱系而被正式分类为革兰氏阳性菌，但它们以可变的方式染色。原核生物的一个结构域，即细胞壁，具有这样的细胞壁结构变异性，以至于革兰氏染色不是一个有用的鉴别工具。
The Gram stain differentiates bacteria into two fundamental varieties of cells. Bacteria that retain the initial crystal violet stain (purple) are said to be "Gram-positive," whereas those that are decolorized and stain red with carbol fuchsin (or safranin) are said to be "Gram-negative." This staining response is based on the chemical and structural makeup of the cell walls of both varieties of bacteria. Gram-positives have a thick, relatively impermeable wall that resists decolorization and is composed of pepticloglycan and secondary polymers. Gram-negatives have a thin peptidoglycan layer plus an overlying lipid-protein bilayer known as the outer membrane, which can be disrupted by decolorization. Some bacteria have walls of intermediate structure and, although they are officially classified as Gram-positives because of their linage, they stain in a variable manner. One prokaryote domain, the Archaea, have such variability of wall structure that the Gram stain is not a useful differentiating tool.