Behavior of Pesticides in Soil and Other Environment
Behavior of Pesticides in Soil and Other Environment
复制标题
农药在土壤和其他环境中的行为
DOI：
10.1584/jpestics.15.271
复制
发表时间：
1990
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Kouji Nakamura
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Kouji Nakamura
在崎玉县，1971年开始了农药残留的调查和实验。由于有机氯杀虫剂在农作物和土壤中的残留是当时亟待解决的问题之一，因此首次对六六六、滴滴涕、艾氏剂和狄氏剂在田间的残留情况进行了调查。1971年，三种农药在土壤中的残留量均较高。1972年后，六六六和滴滴涕随年份的推移而下降，艾氏剂和狄氏剂未见下降，土壤中六六六和狄氏剂的浓度保持在0.1ppm左右。在此基础上，研究了土壤改良剂对艾氏剂和狄氏剂促进土壤分解和抑制作物吸收艾氏剂和狄氏剂的效果。本试验采用5种土壤改良剂，即电熔磷酸镁、碳酸钙、三聚氰酸钙、硝酸镁和堆肥。通过在土壤中应用电熔磷酸镁和氰化钙，使土壤的pH由酸性提高到接近中性，增加了艾氏剂和狄氏剂对作物的吸收，进而促进了艾氏剂氧化为狄氏剂。施用硝酸镁和堆肥抑制了作物对艾氏剂和狄氏剂的吸收。土壤中艾氏剂和狄氏剂的残留量随堆肥施用量的增加而降低。硝基腐植酸镁的应用也有同样的效果。自1975年以来，随着除草剂使用量的快速增长，除草剂的使用出现了许多问题。然后，对除草剂在稻田中的行为进行了研究。在灌排用水中，氯氰菊酯、苯硫氰菊酯、杀菌威和西草净的检出时间与稻田使用时间一致。盆栽试验土壤残留量时，浇水条件下的苯硫氰菊酯和灭草净的残留量比淹水条件下的少。然后，用蒸渗仪进行了几种除草剂的淋洗试验。在本试验中，除草剂向下土层迁移和淋洗的量明显随着除草剂的水溶解度的增加而增加。1976年，百草枯问题首次出现。为此，对7年来每年使用2次的几种除草剂在茶田土壤中的残留情况进行了调查。结果表明，停止使用除草剂后，百草枯和敌草枯在土壤中的残留量并没有减少。针对百草枯在土壤中积累的问题，在冲积土和火山灰土中加入高浓度百草枯，研究了百草枯对萝卜、胡萝卜等作物生长的影响。由于土壤对百草枯吸附能力较弱，火山灰土中百草枯的影响更为明显。火山灰土中百草枯浓度超过100ppm时，作物出现黄化，减产明显。通过对实际情况的调查，明确了田间百草枯残留量与田间施用量之间的关系。
In Saitama prefecture, the investigations and experiments for pesticide residue were started in 1971. Since the residue of organochlorine insecticides on crop and soil was one of problem awaiting solution at that time, the investigation into the actual condition of the residue of BHC, DDT, aldrin and dieldrin on the fields was performed at the first time. The residue amounts of all of them on soil were higher level in 1971. But, after 1 year, they decreased to about 1/2. BHC and DDT decreased with the lapse of year after 1972, but, aldrin and dieldrin were not decreased and about 0.1ppm of concentration was kept up on soil. Then, the effects of promoting decomposition on soil and suppressing absorption to crops to aldrin and dieldrin were experimented with using soil conditioner. In this experiment, 5 kinds soil conditioneres, fused magnesium phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium cyanamide, magnesium nitrohumate and compost, were used. By application of fused magnesium phosphate and calcium cyanamide to soil, the pH of soil was rised from acidity to about neutrality, and absorption of aldrin and dieldrin to crops were increased, further, the oxidation from aldrin to dieldrin was promoted. The application of magnesium nitrohumate and compost suppressed absorption of aldrin and dieldrin by crops. The residue amounts of aldrin and dieldrin on soil were decreased by the application of fused magnesium phosphate or calcium cyanamide with compost. And, same effect was recognized in the application of magnesium nitrohumate. Since about 1975, many problems on herbicides were brought with rapid increase of used amount of herbicides. Then, the behavior of herbicides was investigated in paddy fields. In water for irrigation or drain, the detectable times of chloronitrofen, benthiocarb, molinate and simetryne were in conformity with used time in paddy fields. When, the residue on soil was experimented with pot, the residue amounts of benthiocarb and simetryne under watering condition were more little than under flooding condition. Then, the leaching tests of several herbicides were performed with lysimeter. In this experiments, it became clear that the amounts of herbicides moving to a lower soil layer and leached out increased with the increase in water solubility of the herbicide. In 1976, the problems on paraquat was brought at the first time. In connection with this, the residue of several herbicides on soil in tea fields in which several herbicides were used twice per year among seven years was investigated. It became clear that the residues of paraquat and diquat on soil were not decrease after stopped application of herbicides. Since accumulation of paraquat to soil was anxious, the influence of paraquat to the growth of some crops, turnip, carrot and so on, was experimented with used two type soils, alluival soil and volcanic ash soil, to which paraquat was added with high concentration. The influence of paraquat was more clearly in volcanic ash soil for weak soil adsorption of paraquat. On the crops in volcanic ash soil over 100ppm soil concentration of paraquat, chlorosis was appeared and the yield was decreased clearly. It became clearly by the investigation into the actual condition that the residues of paraquat in fields were related with used amount in fields.