The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children
The Essence of Innocence: Consequences of Dehumanizing Black Children
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DOI：
10.1037/a0035663
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发表时间：
2014-04-01
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
DiTomasso, Natalie Ann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Goff, Phillip Atiba;Jackson, Matthew Christian;DiTomasso, Natalie Ann
社会类别“儿童”定义了一群被认为是不同的个体，具有基本特征，包括纯真和需要保护(Haslam，Rothschild，&Ernst，2000)。目前的研究调查了黑人男孩是否得到了与他们的同龄人平等的童年保护。我们测试了3个假说：(A)黑人男孩被认为比他们的白人同龄人不像他们的白人同龄人那么“孩子气”，(B)当特别考虑黑人男孩而不是白人男孩时，与童年相关的特征会被较少地应用，以及(C)这些趋势会在黑人男性通过(隐含地)将他们与猿类联系在一起而被非人性化的背景下加剧(Goff，Eberhardt，Williams，&Jackson，2008)。我们预计，从这三个主要假设衍生出来的，个人会认为黑人男孩对自己的行为更负责，是警察暴力的更合适的目标。我们通过使用实验室、现场和转换(实验室/现场混合)方法的4项研究找到了对这些假设的支持。我们发现越来越多的证据表明，黑人男孩被认为年龄较大，不那么天真，而且他们引发了一种比白人同龄人更不必要的童年概念。此外，我们的发现表明，黑人/猿类协会预测了警察对儿童的暴力行为中的实际种族差异。这些数据代表了第一次在警务环境中进行此类态度/行为匹配。综上所述，这项研究表明，去人性化是一种独特的危险的群体间态度，对儿童的群体间感知探索不足，这两个主题都应该是研究的重点。
The social category "children" defines a group of individuals who are perceived to be distinct, with essential characteristics including innocence and the need for protection (Haslam, Rothschild, & Ernst, 2000). The present research examined whether Black boys are given the protections of childhood equally to their peers. We tested 3 hypotheses: (a) that Black boys are seen as less "childlike" than their White peers, (b) that the characteristics associated with childhood will be applied less when thinking specifically about Black boys relative to White boys, and (c) that these trends would be exacerbated in contexts where Black males are dehumanized by associating them (implicitly) with apes (Goff, Eberhardt, Williams, & Jackson, 2008). We expected, derivative of these 3 principal hypotheses, that individuals would perceive Black boys as being more responsible for their actions and as being more appropriate targets for police violence. We find support for these hypotheses across 4 studies using laboratory, field, and translational (mixed laboratory/field) methods. We find converging evidence that Black boys are seen as older and less innocent and that they prompt a less essential conception of childhood than do their White same-age peers. Further, our findings demonstrate that the Black/ape association predicted actual racial disparities in police violence toward children. These data represent the first attitude/behavior matching of its kind in a policing context. Taken together, this research suggests that dehumanization is a uniquely dangerous intergroup attitude, that intergroup perception of children is underexplored, and that both topics should be research priorities.