Molecular genetic identification of whale and dolphin products from commercial markets in Korea and Japan
Molecular genetic identification of whale and dolphin products from commercial markets in Korea and Japan
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-294x.1996.tb00362.x
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发表时间：
1996-10-01
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Palumbi, SR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baker, CS;Cipriano, F;Palumbi, SR
我们报告了从日本和韩国的零售市场和餐馆购买的鲸鱼和海豚产品的物种分子遗传学鉴定的方法和结果，以及在某些情况下的地理起源。正如之前报道的那样 (Baker & Palumbi 1994)，我们使用聚合酶链式反应 (PCR) 和便携式实验室从日本购买的 16 种商业产品中扩增、纯化并随后对部分线粒体 DNA 控制区进行测序。这次“抽查”发现了令人惊讶的待售物种种类，包括小须鲸、长须鲸和座头鲸，以及一两种以“鲸鱼”形式出售的海豚。在韩国的调查中，DNA 扩增是由我们两个人（C.S.B. 和 F.C.）使用独立的设备和试剂进行的。将两组 DNA 扩增产物送回各自的实验室并独立测序以进行交叉验证。在总共 17 个物种特异性序列中，我们发现了一条海豚、一条喙鲸、13 条北半球小须鲸（代表至少 7 个不同的个体）和两条与已识别的塞鲸和布氏鲸密切相关的鲸鱼，但无法使用可用的类型序列来识别它们。我们认为，这两个标本代表了目前未被识别的布氏鲸物种或亚种，可能是从印度太平洋热带水域报告的所谓“小型”鲸鱼。我们得出的结论是，DNA 序列的分子系统分析对于鲸鱼和海豚产品的鉴定具有巨大的实用性。然而，这些技术在监测捕鲸或鲸鱼产品贸易方面的应用存在一定的限制。首先，PCR 和 DNA 测序可能会产生误导性的假象。这些通常可以通过实验控制来识别或消除。其次，如果类型序列数据库不充分或者类群分类不完整，DNA 序列的系统发育重建可能会被误解。目前，这种限制是捕鲸分子监测的一个更严重的障碍。我们的结果强调了合法和非法狩猎的两个物种（或物种复合体）的海洋种群分类地位和形态形式的不确定性，即小须鲸和布氏鲸。尽管存在这些不确定性，但很难将日本和韩国商业市场上的一些物种与国际捕鲸委员会提供的最新捕捞记录进行协调。尤其令人不安的是，1994 年 10 月，即国际社会接受商业捕鲸暂停令 8 年后，韩国一家餐馆出售了两具未被识别的须鲸物种或亚种标本。
We report the methods and results of molecular genetic identification of the species and, in some cases, geographical origins of whale and dolphin products purchased from retail markets and restaurants in Japan and South Korea. As reported previously (Baker & Palumbi 1994), we used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a portable laboratory to amplify, purify and later sequence a portion of the mitochondrial DNA control region from 16 commercial products purchased in Japan. This 'spot check' revealed a surprising variety of species for sale, including minke, fin and humpback whales and one or two species of dolphins sold as 'kujira' or whale. In the Korean survey, DNA amplifications were conducted by two of us (C.S.B. and F.C.) working with independent equipment and reagents. The two sets of DNA amplifications were returned to our respective laboratories and sequenced independently for cross-validation. Among the total of 17 species-specific sequences we found a dolphin, a beaked whale, 13 Northern Hemisphere minke whales (representing at least seven distinct individuals) and two whales which are closely related to the recognized sei and Bryde's whales but could not be identified as either using available type sequences. We suggest that these two specimens represent a currently unrecognized species or subspecies of Bryde's whale, possibly the so-called 'small-form' reported from the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific.We conclude that molecular systematic analyses of DNA sequences have tremendous utility for the identification of whale and dolphin products. However, there are certain constraints on the application of these techniques for monitoring whaling or trade in whale products. First, PCR and DNA sequencing can generate misleading artefacts. These can generally be recognized or eliminated through experimental controls. Second, phylogenetic reconstructions of DNA sequences can be misinterpreted if the database of type sequences is inadequate or the taxonomy of the group is incomplete. This constraint is, at present, a more serious obstacle to molecular monitoring of whaling. Our results high-light uncertainties about the taxonomic status of oceanic populations and morphological forms of two species (or species complexes) targeted by legal and illegal hunting, the minke and Bryde's whales. Despite these uncertainties, it is difficult to reconcile some of the species available in Japanese and Korean commercial markets with recent catch records made available to the International Whaling Commission. It is particularly disturbing that two specimens of an unrecognized species or subspecies of baleen whale were for sale in a restaurant in South Korea in October, 1994, 8 years after the acceptance of an international moratorium on commercial whaling.