Carbon materials for supercapacitor application
Carbon materials for supercapacitor application
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DOI：
10.1039/b618139m
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Frackowiak, Elzbieta
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Frackowiak, Elzbieta
电化学电容器最常用的电极材料是活性炭，因为它们是市售的且便宜，并且它们可以以大的比表面积生产。然而，只有电化学可用的表面积可用于使双电层（EDL）充电。由于缺乏空间电荷和离子沿着孔壁的良好吸引力，在尺寸小于1 nm的碳孔中，EDL形成特别有效。孔径应理想地匹配离子的大小。然而，为了良好的动态电荷传播，一些小的中孔是有用的。非对称配置，其中正电极和负电极由不同材料构成，例如，例如，在一个实施例中，活性炭、过渡金属氧化物或导电聚合物由于工作电压的重要扩展而受到极大关注。在这种情况下，能量以及功率大大增加。看来纳米管是一种完美的导电添加剂和/或载体的材料与赝电容性能，如。G.二氧化锰导电聚合物。碳网络中的取代杂原子（氮、氧）是提高电容的有希望的方式。通过富含杂原子（氮和/或氧）的有机前体的一步热解获得的碳是非常令人感兴趣的，因为它们比活性炭更致密。考虑了具有宽电压窗口的新型电解质（离子液体）的应用，但这种新一代电解质在电容器长期循环期间的稳定性尚未得到证实。
The most commonly used electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors are activated carbons, because they are commercially available and cheap, and they can be produced with large specific surface area. However, only the electrochemically available surface area is useful for charging the electrical double layer (EDL). The EDL formation is especially efficient in carbon pores of size below 1 nm because of the lack of space charge and a good attraction of ions along the pore walls. The pore size should ideally match the size of the ions. However, for good dynamic charge propagation, some small mesopores are useful. An asymmetric configuration, where the positive and negative electrodes are constructed from different materials, e. g., activated carbon, transition metal oxide or conducting polymer, is of great interest because of an important extension of the operating voltage. In such a case, the energy as well as power is greatly increased. It appears that nanotubes are a perfect conducting additive and/or support for materials with pseudocapacitance properties, e. g. MnO2, conducting polymers. Substitutional heteroatoms in the carbon network (nitrogen, oxygen) are a promising way to enhance the capacitance. Carbons obtained by one-step pyrolysis of organic precursors rich in heteroatoms (nitrogen and/or oxygen) are very interesting, because they are denser than activated carbons. The application of a novel type of electrolyte with a broad voltage window (ionic liquids) is considered, but the stability of this new generation of electrolyte during long term cycling of capacitors is not yet confirmed.