Compilation and analysis of global surface water concentrations for individual insecticide compounds.
Compilation and analysis of global surface water concentrations for individual insecticide compounds.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.158
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发表时间：
2018-10
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Sebastian Stehle;S. Bub;R. Schulz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Sebastian Stehle;S. Bub;R. Schulz
几十年来农业上使用杀虫剂导致全球地表沃茨频繁污染，经常对水生生物多样性构成高风险。然而，到目前为止，尚未使用全球范围的数据汇编和报告单个杀虫剂化合物的浓度水平，这妨碍了我们对水生生态系统杀虫剂暴露的了解。在这里，我们详细说明了28种重要杀虫剂化合物的实测杀虫剂浓度（MIC，包括来自先前出版物的总共11，300种水和沉积物浓度），涵盖四种主要杀虫剂类别。结果表明，几十年来主导全球杀虫剂市场的有机氯和有机磷酸盐杀虫剂在全球地表沃茨中被检测到的频率最高，浓度水平也最高。相比之下，较新的拟除虫菊酯和拟烟碱类杀虫剂的MIC报告较少，且由于其上市时间较晚且施用率较低，其浓度通常较低。提供了一个在线杀虫剂分类计算器（ICC;可在https：//static.magic.eco/icc/v1上查阅），以便能够将预期的MIC与现有的全球杀虫剂浓度进行比较和分类。对现有数据的空间分析表明，报告的最低中等浓度分布在北美洲、亚洲和欧洲的地表沃茨中，而在非洲、亚洲和南美洲检测到的浓度水平最高。对水和沉积物MIC的评价表明，在实验室中确定的理论有机碳-水分配系数（KOC）高估了基于实际现场浓度的KOC值，最高超过20倍，发现高吸附性拟除虫菊酯的偏差最大。总体而言，这里介绍的杀虫剂现场浓度的综合汇编是对未来地表水监测结果进行分类的一个有价值的工具，并可作为与现场更相关的毒性测试方法和农药接触和风险评估计划的重要输入数据。
The decades-long agricultural use of insecticides resulted in frequent contamination of surface waters globally regularly posing high risks for the aquatic biodiversity. However, the concentration levels of individual insecticide compounds have by now not been compiled and reported using global scale data, hampering our knowledge on the insecticide exposure of aquatic ecosystems. Here, we specify measured insecticide concentrations (MICs, comprising in total 11,300 water and sediment concentrations taken from a previous publication) for 28 important insecticide compounds covering four major insecticide classes. Results show that organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides, which dominated the global insecticide market for decades, have been detected most often and at highest concentration levels in surface waters globally. In comparison, MICs of the more recent pyrethroids and neonicotinoids were less often reported and generally at lower concentrations as a result of their later market introduction and lower application rates. An online insecticide classification calculator (ICC; available at: https://static.magic.eco/icc/v1) is provided in order to enable the comparison and classification of prospective MICs with available global insecticide concentrations. Spatial analyses of existing data show that most MICs were reported for surface waters in North America, Asia and Europe, whereas highest concentration levels were detected in Africa, Asia and South America. An evaluation of water and sediment MICs showed that theoretical organic carbon-water partition coefficients (KOC) determined in the laboratory overestimated KOCvalues based on actual field concentrations by up to a factor of more than 20, with highest deviations found for highly sorptive pyrethroids. Overall, the comprehensive compilation of insecticide field concentrations presented here is a valuable tool for the classification of future surface water monitoring results and serves as important input data for more field relevant toxicity testing approaches and pesticide exposure and risk assessment schemes.