Mesolithic Bone and Antler Implements from the North Sea and from the Netherlands.
Mesolithic Bone and Antler Implements from the North Sea and from the Netherlands.
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来自北海和荷兰的中石器时代的骨头和鹿角器具。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1970
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
L. Kooijmans
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Kooijmans
在过去的几年里，一些骨头和鹿角文物已经从北海被打捞上来。根据海平面相对上升曲线，确定了它们的年代为晚前寒武纪早寒武纪。其中一些可以通过北方中石器时代早期遗址的考古学对比来确定其年代，另一些则没有确定年代的对应物。它们都是1931年发现的Leman和Ower Banks倒刺尖的额外证据。在荷兰也有这一时期的新发现。在该国西部发现的那些记录了最早的占领，大约在-25米的水平。O.D.一些更古老的发现最近在博物馆的藏品中得到了承认。这24个新发现为北海盆地中石器时代早期和荷兰中石器时代的研究提供了新的线索。在地理位置上，与马格列莫斯占领期间的丹麦群岛相当，另一个独特的群体必须集中在北海南部。但在北方季风期间，居民被不断侵蚀的海水驱逐。在戈尔斧文化区南部发现的荷兰人的发现和所有其他的“马格勒莫斯”骨和鹿角工具并不能证明这种文化延伸到这些地区，但它们必须代表已经在那里定义的中石器时代早期群体的骨和鹿角工具包。在北欧发现的组合中，器物的类型学相似之处强调了北方群体与核心轴线的文化关系，而南方群体缺乏这种类型的暗示，这在最近对燧石组合的研究中是显而易见的。I来自北海布朗滩地区的器具自1964年以来，莱顿的国家地质和矿物学博物馆收集了渔民从北海海底挖掘出来的数千块骨骼化石。这些骨头几乎完全是在所谓的布朗银行或布朗岭的周围被捕捞的。他们聚集在荷兰的各个渔港，特别是艾默伊登，从那里G。博物馆的管理员Kortenbout货车der Sluijs定期将它们带到莱顿。由于他的警觉，到目前为止，已经有八件工具或工作的骨头被识别出来，他慷慨地将其交给了同一个城镇的国家文物博物馆。只有一根加工过的骨头（6号）是博物馆直接从一位渔民那里获得的。找到C I R C U M S T A N C E S动物群的化石遗骸Kortenbout货车der Sluijs先生好心地准备了一份关于打捞上来的动物群遗骸的初步报告。我已把他的报告加到这份报纸上。到目前为止，成千上万的骨头中的大部分可以归因于生活在最后一个冰川时期的动物，如猛犸、长毛犀牛、驯鹿和其他动物。少数的骨头是早更新世的。也有一小部分是Weichselian或Holocene。鉴于i对发现的初步说明：Louwe Kooijmans 1968，1969; Louwe Kooijmans/Stuart 1969，17 and pl. 4. L. p. L O U W E K O O T J M A N S /来自北海和荷兰的中石器时代的骨骼和安德器具狗的骨骼和这里描述的中石器时代的器具很可能至少有一部分属于早全新世，实际上代表了早中石器时代居住地的动物群遗迹。然而，将这份名单与北方中石器时代遗址的动物区系名单进行比较，可以发现，没有狍，而红鹿的数量非常少。由于大多数欧洲野牛的骨骼与草原野牛的骨骼几乎没有区别，我们只能说欧洲野牛存在，但我们不能告诉其他哺乳动物（可能是全新世）的比例。小型哺乳动物和鸟类的缺失可以通过从挖掘或北海海底收集骨骼的不同方式来解释。人类遗骸必须被认为是没有日期的，可能是晚冰期、全新世或次近代的，即淹死的水手的遗骸。然而，有趣的是，人类遗骸也出现在丹麦的一些Maglemose遗址，如Sveerdborg，Mullerup，Ogaarde和Vinde-Helsinge。在其他遗址中，人类的骨头没有被提及，或者说没有被注意到，在星星加尔。最后，除了那些最近被船上厨师扔到海里的动物外，没有发现驯养动物的骨头，这表明缺乏从Erteb 011 e-Ellerbek Gultures开始的时期的骨头。据渔民说，几乎所有挖掘出来的骨头都来自布朗银行周围，特别是来自山脊以西地区深达50米的一些沟壑。顺便说一句，在比利时和荷兰海岸附近也发现了骨头，特别是在泽兰省的潮汐通道深处。虽然人们经常说在多格浅滩发现了“猛犸的骨头”，但我们对该地区的动物遗骸并不了解，荷兰渔民也从未报告过在那里发现的东西。虽然布朗浅滩以西发现的化石集中部分是由于那里的密集捕鱼，但我们可以肯定地说，该地区的动物化石遗迹特别丰富，特别是Weichselian时代的动物化石。
In the last few years a number of bone and antler artifacts have been dredged up from the North Sea. They are dated to the Late Preboreal Early Boreal by means of the curve of the relative rise of sea-level. Some of them can be dated to the same period by means of the archaeological parallels at some of the rieh northern Early Mesolithic sites, others have no dated counterparts. They all form welcome additional evidence to the Leman and Ower Banks barbed point, found in 1931. In the Netherlands also new finds of this period were made. Those, found in the western part of the country document the earliest occupation there at a level of about —25 m. o.D. Some older finds have been recently recognized in the museum collections. The finds, 24 in number, throw some new light on the Early Mesolithic occupation of the North Sea Basin and on the Dutch Mesolithic. In a geographical Situation, well comparable with the Danish Isles during the Maglemose occupation, another distinct group must have centred in the southern North Sea. But during the Boreal the inhabitants were dislodged by the encroaching sea. The Dutch finds and all other 'Maglemose' bone and antler implements found to the south of the Gore Axe Culture area are no proof of an extension of this culture into these regions, but they must represent the bone and antler tool kit of the Early Mesolithic groups already defined there. The typological parallels of the implements in the north-European find assemblages stress the cultural relationships of the northern groups with core axes and the southern groups lacking this type of implenient, äs is apparent from recent studies of the flint assemblages. I THE IMPLEMENTS FROM THE BROWN BANK REGION, NORTH SEA I N T R O D U C T I O N Since 1964 many thousands of fossil bones, dredged up by fishermen from the floor of the North Sea, have been collected by the National Museum of Geology and Mineralogy at Leiden. The bones are fished up almost exclusively in the surroundings of the so-called Brown Bank or Brown Ridge. They are brought together in the various Dutch fishing-ports, especially IJmuiden, from where Mr G. Kortenbout van der Sluijs, keeper of the museum, regularly brings them to Leiden. Thanks to his alertness, eight implements or worked bones have so far been recognized, which he generously handed over to the National Museum of Antiquities in the same town. Only one worked bone (no. 6) was acquired by this museum directly from a fisherman. FIND C I R C U M S T A N C E S The Fossil Faunal Remains Mr Kortenbout van der Sluijs kindly prepared a preliminary report on the fished-up faunal remains. I have added his report to this paper. By far the greater part of the many thousands of bones can be attributed to animals that lived in the last glacial period, such äs mammoth, woolly rhino, reindeer and others. A small number of the bones are of Early Pleistocene age. There is also a small percentage that is either Weichselian or Holocene. In view of the occurrence of i Preliminary notes on the finds: Louwe Kooijmans 1968, 1969; Louwe Kooijmans/Stuart 1969, 17 and pl. 4. L.p. L O U W E K O O T J M A N S / Mesolithic Bone and Ander Implements from the North Sea and from the Netherlands bones of the dog and the here described Mesolithic implements it is likely that at least a part of this last group belongs to the Early Holocene and in fact represents the faunal remains of Early Mesoiithic dwelling places. A comparison of this list, howcver, with the faunal lists of the northern Mesolithic sites, reveals that the roe deer is absent and the red decr is oiily represented in very small numbers. Since most of the aurochs bones are hardly or not distinguishable from those of the steppe bison, we can only state that the aurochs is present but we cannot teil in which proportion to the other, possibly Holocene, mammals. The absence of the smaller mammals and of birds can be explained by the different ways the bones are collected from an excavation or from the North Sea fioor. The human remains must be considered äs undated and may be either Late Glacial, Holocene, or sub-recent, i.e. the remains of drowned seamen. It is, however, interesting that human remains also occur at some Danish Maglemose sites, äs Sveerdborg, Mullerup, 0gaarde, and Vinde-Helsinge. From other sites human bones are not mentioned, or their absence is noted, äs at Star Garr. Finally the absence of bones of domesticated animals, other than those recently thrown overboard by ships' cooks, is an indication that bones from the period beginning with the Erteb011e-Ellerbek Gultures are lacking. According to the fishermen, nearly all the dredged-up bones come from the surroundings of the Brown Bank, especially from some gullies up to 50 m in depth in the region west of the ridge. Incidentally, bones are also clredged up near the Belgian and the Dutch coast, especially from the deep tidal channels in the province of Zeeland. Although it is often stated that 'mammoth bones' are found at the Dogger Bank, faunal remains from that area are not known to us and Dutch fishermen havc never reported finds from there. Although the concentration of finds west of the Brown Bank can be causcd partly by the intensive fishing there, we can state with certainty that the area is particularly rieh in fossil faunal remains, especially of Weichselian age.