Determining the velocity required for skin perforation by fragment simulating projectiles: a systematic review
Determining the velocity required for skin perforation by fragment simulating projectiles: a systematic review
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确定破片模拟射弹穿透皮肤所需的速度：系统评价
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Clasper
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Breeze;J. Clasper
爆炸碎片是目前作战中造成士兵受伤的最常见原因。研究人员希望模型能够预测其有害影响，以便改进潜在的保护方法。基于标准化碎片模拟射弹（FSP）穿透肌肉的经过良好验证的物理和数值模型存在，但不适用于皮肤，从而降低了此类模型的实用性。方法采用系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项方法对文献进行系统评价，以确定所有量化死后人类受试者（PMHS）和动物皮肤对金属射弹阻滞作用的开源信息。在皮肤来源（动物vs PMHS）、射弹形状（球形vs圆柱形）和皮肤背衬（孤立皮肤vs肌肉背衬）方面，将射弹截面密度（质量超过所示横截面积）与皮肤穿孔或穿透所需的速度进行比较。结果17个原始的实验研究，主要是使用皮肤从大腿。皮肤穿孔所需的速度与皮肤来源或弹丸形状无统计学差异，完整肢体皮肤穿孔所需的速度大于单独皮肤穿孔所需的速度（p<0.05）。一个经验关系描述所需的速度，以金属FSPs的截面密度的范围内的蒙皮生成。讨论皮肤对FSP的阻滞有显著影响，需要将其纳入未来的损伤模型中。基于动物和PMHS皮肤的穿孔算法可以互换使用，以及匹配截面密度的球体和圆柱体。皮肤穿孔的未来数值模拟必须匹配穿透速度，还需要实验确定皮肤的机械性能，如高应变率下的拉伸强度、应变和弹性。
Introduction Explosively propelled fragments are the most common cause of injury to soldiers on current operations. Researchers desire models to predict their injurious effects so as to refine methods of potential protection. Well validated physical and numerical models based on the penetration of standardised fragment simulating projectiles (FSPs) through muscle exist but not for skin, thereby reducing the utility of such models. Method A systematic review of the literature was undertaken using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses methodology to identify all open source information quantifying the effects of postmortem human subject (PMHS) and animal skin on the retardation of metallic projectiles. Projectile sectional density (mass over presented cross-sectional area) was compared with the velocity required for skin perforation or penetration, with regard to skin origin (animal vs PMHS), projectile shape (sphere vs cylinder) and skin backing (isolated skin vs that backed by muscle). Results 17 original experimental studies were identified, predominantly using skin from the thigh. No statistical difference in the velocity required for skin perforation with regard to skin origin or projectile shape was found. A greater velocity was required to perforate intact skin on a whole limb than isolated skin alone (p<0.05). An empirical relationship describing the velocity required to perforate skin by metallic FSPs of a range of sectional densities was generated. Discussion Skin has a significant effect on the retardation of FSPs, necessitating its incorporation in future injury models. Perforation algorithms based on animal and PMHS skin can be used interchangeably as well as spheres and cylinders of matching sectional density. Future numerical simulations for skin perforation must match the velocity for penetration and also require experimental determination of mechanical skin properties, such as tensile strength, strain and elasticity at high strain rates.