A framework for the integrated analysis of the magnitude, selectivity, and biotic effects of extinction and origination
A framework for the integrated analysis of the magnitude, selectivity, and biotic effects of extinction and origination
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DOI：
10.1017/pab.2019.35
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发表时间：
2020-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Heim, Noel A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bush, Andrew M.;Wang, Steve C.;Heim, Noel A.
地球生物群的分类和生态组成在地质时期发生了巨大的变化，一些分支灭绝了，而另一些分支则多样化了。在这里，我们得到一个度量，量化的变化，由于灭绝或起源的生物组成，并表明它等于产品的灭绝/起源的幅度和选择性（组之间的幅度变化）。我们还定义了描述恢复程度的指标：（1）加强或逆转灭绝对生物组成的影响，（2）以与灭绝无关的方式改变组成。为了证明这种方法，我们分析了海洋动物属的地层范围的最新汇编。我们表明，质量的选择性并不比背景间隔在门的水平，相反，他们往往会驱动更大的分类变化，由于其较高的幅度。就选择性或影响的强度而言，群体性排斥并不代表单独一类事件。类似的观察适用于从大规模灭绝中恢复的起源，平均而言，灭绝和起源具有相似的选择性，并推动了相似数量的生物变化。在复苏期间，起源的提升推动了成分变化的爆发，这些变化的效果差异很大。在某些情况下，起源部分逆转了灭绝的影响，使生物群恢复到灭绝前的组成;在其他情况下，它加强了灭绝的影响，放大了生物的变化。在塑造海洋生物群方面，恢复与灭绝事件同样重要，它们的选择性值得与灭绝事件一起进行系统研究。
The taxonomic and ecologic composition of Earth's biota has shifted dramatically through geologic time, with some clades going extinct while others diversified. Here, we derive a metric that quantifies the change in biotic composition due to extinction or origination and show that it equals the product of extinction/origination magnitude and selectivity (variation in magnitude among groups). We also define metrics that describe the extent to which a recovery (1) reinforced or reversed the effects of extinction on biotic composition and (2) changed composition in ways uncorrelated with the extinction. To demonstrate the approach, we analyzed an updated compilation of stratigraphic ranges of marine animal genera. We show that mass extinctions were not more selective than background intervals at the phylum level; rather, they tended to drive greater taxonomic change due to their higher magnitudes. Mass extinctions did not represent a separate class of events with respect to either strength of selectivity or effect. Similar observations apply to origination during recoveries from mass extinctions, and on average, extinction and origination were similarly selective and drove similar amounts of biotic change. Elevated origination during recoveries drove bursts of compositional change that varied considerably in effect. In some cases, origination partially reversed the effects of extinction, returning the biota toward the pre-extinction composition; in others, it reinforced the effects of the extinction, magnifying biotic change. Recoveries were as important as extinction events in shaping the marine biota, and their selectivity deserves systematic study alongside that of extinction.